Student behaviour Essay Example for Free

Student behaviour Essay (This essay is written in a detailed manner. Students can be asked to summarise it in 250 words. Common usages which can be studied are given in italics. Alternative vocabulary is given in brackets. Teachers can encourage students to pay special attention to these words.) Poor student behaviour is a major problem faced by schools across the globe especially in the western world. This is due to (this can be attributed to) certain sociological and psychological problems that are encountered, while bringing up children. Both parents and teachers should play a responsible role in tackling (handling, solving, dealing with) this problem effectively. Parents today have too many responsibilities, other than (apart from) looking after the affairs of their families, which has resulted in children getting less attention and care. Parents need to inculcate (instill) good values in young children and discipline them at an early age, or else (if not) it would result in disruptive (unruly) behaviour at home and in school. In many instances, children are left alone in the company of television sets, computer screens and toys, and consequently, (as a consequence, as a result) they fail to develop (lack) interpersonal skills and human values, which they learn by interacting with their parents and siblings. Furthermore, parents provide them with many material comforts, which can sometimes (may) make them selfish and greedy. Children who come from such family backgrounds (would) often create many problems for teachers and their schoolmates. Parents should never shy away from (shirk their responsibility of) spending quality time with their children on a regular basis, which would help them to monitor their children’s behaviour and give suitable advice whenever there is a need. Another reason for problematic behaviour among children is that teachers lack effective training in dealing with children who have various behavioural and psychological inadequacies (problems). Children, who come from broken or problematic families, in order to ventilate their frustration, often create problems in schools, which can only be tackled by trained teachers or counsellors. Many teachers become defensive and show little tact when children show such behavioural abnormalities. Erratic handling of such problems can result in (lead to) aggravating the issue. I believe that this problem can be effectively addressed if parents and teachers are trained in scientific ways of dealing with children. Schools should appoint specially trained counsellors, who can assist teachers in dealing with problematic children. As mentioned above, both parents and teachers have a crucial role to play in normalising the behaviour of children in schools. Scientific ways of handling children with troublesome behaviour can go a long way in dealing with them efficiently.

Theory of Planned Behavior Approach

Theory of Planned Behavior Approach INFLUENCING FACTORS OF  ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION IN STUDENTS Abstract Using the Theory of Planned Behavior approach, this study aimed to examine the structural equation model (SEM) of factors that cause the formation of entrepreneurial intention in college students. In addition, this study also provides an illustration of what the underlying factors correlated with the formation of entrepreneurial intentions in male students and the underlying factors correlated with the formation of entrepreneurial intention in female students, given the sex role is correlated to parenting style. Research data collection methods were questionnaire and scale of Personal Attraction, Subjective Norm, and Self-Efficacy. Multiple regression analysis and structural equation model (SEM), is used to analyze the correlations between the factors that cause the entrepreneurial intention in male and female students. From the results of model testing on both male and female students, it can be concluded that this research model meets the goodness of fit structural equation. From S EM it can be concluded also that the factor of self-efficacy is the main influencing factor of entrepreneurial intention of both male and female students. In addition to self-efficacy, in male students, another influencing factor of entrepreneurial intention is Personal Attraction, while in female students is subjective-norm. Key word: Entrepreneurial intention, Theory of Planned Behavior, Personal Attraction, Subjective-norm, Self-Efficacy, SEM INTRODUCTION The number of unemployed in Indonesia in February 2010 reached 8.59 million people or 7.41 percent of the total workforce. Although in general Unemployment rate (TPT) is likely to decline, which in August 2009 at 7.87 percent and in February 2009 at 8.14 percent, but the TPT for Diploma and Bachelor Degree levels were increased, 2.05 percent and 1.16 respectively (BPS, 2012). In this case, it has become the focus of the government to provide new jobs, but Yudhoyono as president of Indonesia asked the public to foster an entrepreneurial spirit as one of the labor-absorbing sectors. Be entrepreneurs who created the product market, and new business he said (Kompas, 2011). In developing the entrepreneurial spirit, a question that often comes to policy makers is: What makes some people more entrepreneurial than others? (Licht, 2007). In this case Baron (2004) argues that cognitive understanding of the individual in personal decision-making is important. Therefore, in the theory of designed behavior is exploited in entrepreneurship ever since the 1990s, and it has facilitated a new approach to the intention conception. In line with the popularity of designed theory of entrepreneurship, a visible increase of in the field of entrepreneurship education and training has also taken place in recent years. Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) has been defined as, one of the most common psychological theories used to explain and predict human behavior, Including entrepreneurship (Kolvereid, 1996). Entrepreneurship scholars argue Generally That entrepreneurial behavior is intentional and so best predicted by the measure of intentions of an individual (Bird, 1988). Ajze n (1991) defines intentions as Indications of how hard individuals are willing to try, of how much of an effort to exert They are planning, to perform the behavior. The Stronger the intention to engage in a behavior, the more Likely should be its actual performance. This study follows the cognitive approach, through the application of an Entrepreneurial Intention model. A number of works are being published Lately about this issue. However, a lot of research is still needed to better comprehend the which the factors affecting entrepreneurial Perceptions (and, through them, intention) are. In particular, our knowledge is specially limited in a specific areas. Cross-cultural studies are needed so That the effect of different cultures and values on the entrepreneurial intention is increasingly Understood. The research was conducted in Yogyakarta Indonesia, where the nuances of culture in this city is very thick. With influenced by the culture in which one lives, the parenting style will color the way to teach the children that men and women to behave and act towards the tendency to be an entrepreneur or not. The main purpose of this paper isclearly in line with those needs. First, we try to test the adequacy of the Entrepreneurial Intention Model on male and female students who became the subject of this study. And, secondly, we also try to know what factors are most influential in predicting entrepreneurial intentions of university students both male and female. These results will hopefully shed some light on a number of issues. It will serve as a confirmation of the applicability of this cognitive model to the entrepreneurial decision. In this case, our sample comes from kota yang mungkin berbeda cultural and social structure dibandingkan penelitian-penelitian terdahulu. Perbedaan pada mahasiswa pria dan wanita juga dilihat faktor antesedent yang membentuk intensi kewirausahaannya. It will also contribute to clarify the specific pattern of relationships among the antecedents of intention. Finally, relevant implications for educators and policy-makers could be derived. ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION MODEL       From the perspective express by Krueger et al (2000) explain that since the decision to become an entrepreneur may be plausibly considered as voluntary and conscious, it seems reasonable to analyze how that decision is taken. Entrepreneurship may be viewed as a process that occurs over time (Gartner et al., 1994). In this sense, entrepreneurial intentions would be the first step in the evolving and -sometimes- long-term process of venture creation (Lee and Wong, 2004). The intention to start up, then, would be a previous and determinant element towards performing entrepreneurial behaviors (Kolvereid, 1996). In addition, intentions toward a behavior would be the single best predictor of that behavior (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975, Ajzen, 1991, 2001). In turn, the intention of carrying out a given behavior may be affected by several factors, such as needs, values, wants, habits, and beliefs (Bird, 1988; Lee and Wong, 2004). In particular, Ajzen (1991) calls antecedents the set of cognitive variables that would exert their influence on intention (personal attitude towards the behavior, perceived social norms, and perceived behavioral control). More favorable antecedents would make more feasible the intention of carrying that behavior out, and the other way round (Lià ±Ãƒ ¡n, 2004). Obviously, situational factors also influence entrepreneurial intentions (Boyd and Vozikis, 1994). Variables such as time constraints, task difficulty, and the influence of other people through social pressure could be examples of these situational factors (Lee and Wong, 2004). Therefore, exogenous factors also influence ones attitudes toward entrepreneurship (Krueger, 1993). From the previous researches on entrepreneurial intention, there are some differences in their results. Indarti and Rosiani (2008) states that self-efficacy proved to affect the intentions of entrepreneurship in students, while Wijaya (2008) and Segal, et al. (2005), states that self-efficacy is not proven to affect entrepreneurial intentions. In the study of Alstete (2002) concluded that the external environment such as unemployment, frustration with previous employment and the need to get a decent life, effect on entrepreneurial intentions, but the study of Ismail (2009) and Zain et al. (2010) environmental factors was not proven to emerge entrepreneurial intention. Because of the inconsistencies of those entrepreneurial intentions studies, so it is still relevant to post the question of what exactly the factors influencing a persons entrepreneurial intention. Does Attitude towards the behavior (Personal Attraction), subjective norm (subjective norm), and self-efficacy (self-efficacy) have an influence on the entrepreneurial intention of students, as well as whether environmental differences demographics (sex, gender, age, and family background) distinguish level of entrepreneurial intention of students. Because it is becoming very important for a person when they want to choose a career path of his life (Ajzen, 2001; Kolvereid, 1996). Intention becomes the fundamental element towards explaining behavior. It indicates the effort that the person will make to carry out that entrepreneurial behavior (Lià ±Ãƒ ¡n, 2004). And so, it captures the three motivational factors that influence behavior (Ajzen, 1991): (1) Attitude towards the behavior (Perso nal Attraction, PA) refers to the degree to which the individual holds a positive or negative personal valuation about being an entrepreneur (Ajzen, 2002, Kolvereid, 1996). It would include not only affective (I like it, it makes me feel good, it is pleasant), but also evaluative considerations (it is more profitable, has more advantages). (2) Perceived Social Norms or Subjective Norm (SN) would measure the perceived social pressure to carry out -or not to carry out- that entrepreneurial behavior. In particular, it would refer to the perception that reference people would approve of the decision to become an entrepreneur, or not (Ajzen, 2001). (3) Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) would be defined as the perception of the easiness or difficulty in the fulfillment of the behavior of interest (becoming an entrepreneur). It is, therefore, a concept quite similar to perceived self-efficacy (SE) (Bandura, 1997). In the same way, it is also very similar to Shapero and Sokols (1982) visio n about perceived feasibility. In all three instances, the important thing is the sense of capacity regarding the fulfillment of firm creation behaviors. Nevertheless, recent work has emphasized the difference between PBC and self-efficacy (Ajzen, 2002). PBC would include not only the feeling of being able, but also the perception about behavior controllability. That is, the extent to which performing it or not is up to the person. On the other hand, as mentioned above, situational or demographic factors have an influence on intentions (Boyd and Vozikis, 1994; Lee and Wong, 2004). In particular, a greater knowledge of different entrepreneurial aspects will surely contribute to more realistic perceptions about the entrepreneurial activity (Ajzen, 2002), thus influencing intentions indirectly, but due to the limitations of this study, the gender factor which will be considered as a demographic factor that affecting another three antecedent factors of entrepreneurial intentions. In Figure 1, therefore, we summarize the model we will be using as a starting point for our analysis. Apart from the explicit inclusion of external variables, this Figure 1 is quite similar to the Theory of Planned Behavior described by Ajzen (1991), and used by Kolvereid (1996), and Lià ±Ãƒ ¡n (2004). One particularity, however, is that we have specifically hypothesized what the pattern of relationships among the so-called antecedents of intention is. Social norms are assumed to influence both personal attraction and self-efficacy perceptions (Kennedy, et. al., 2003). However, due to demographic variable is nominal data, the effect of sex on the entrepreneurial intention model is analyzed by comparing the baseline model of entrepreneurial intention model on a sample of male, female sample and total sample of male and female. METHODS Entrepreneurial intention has been measured through a scale with 7 alternatives of answer. These are general sentences indicating different aspects of intention. A similar system has already been used by Zhao et al., (in Lià ±Ãƒ ¡n Chen, 2006 ). However, Armitage and Conner (2001) identified three distinct kinds of intention measures: desire (I want to ), self-prediction (How likely it is ) and behavioral intention (I intend to ). The Entrepreneurial Intention scale was modified from the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionare (EIQ) from Linan Chen (2006). Aspects of this scale are (1) the purpose ofhis life to be an entrepreneur (2) preparing yourself to become an entrepreneur, (3) strong-willed to try to become an entrepreneur, and (4) seriously consider setting up a business. The Cronbach alpha reliability for this scale was 0.84. Personal attraction has also been measured through an aggregate attitude scale. This scale was modified from the scale of Linan Chen (2006) and Kennedy, at. al. (2003). This scale has the aspect (1) interest in entrepreneurship compare to other job areas, (2) belief in the success of a career in entrepreneurship, (3) gain confidence, including higher salaries, when becomes an entrepreneur, and (5) to be enthusiastic and have satisfaction when becomes an entrepreneur. The Cronbach alpha reliability for this scale was 0.77. Subjective norms, or Perceived social valuation, according to Ajzen (1991), should be approached through an aggregate measure of the kind what do important others think? Subjective norm refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform that behavior. It is based on beliefs concerning whether important referent individuals or groups approve or disapprove of an individual establishing a business, and to what extent this approval or disapproval matters to the individual. Generally speaking, the more the opinion of a particular referent group or individual matters to the individual and the more encouraging the individual thinks it is of enterprising activity, the stronger should be the individuals intention to start a business. This scale refers to the aspects raised by Linan Chen (2006) which reveal aspects of how large the opinions of people who are considered important by the subject (the opinions of family, friends, and the closest people) about the work as an ent repreneur. The Cronbach alpha reliability for this scale was 0.80. Self-efficacy scalerates their level of agreement withseveral general statements about the feeling of capacity regarding firm creation. In a recent work, Ajzen (2002) considers that perceived behavioral control is a concept somewhat wider than self-efficacy. It would also include a measure of controllability (the extent to which successfully performing the behavior is up to the person). Four aspects of this scale are (1) believe that can start forming a new company, (2) believe that can run entrepreneurial ventures relatively smoothly, (3) understand the things what to do when running a project, (4) believe that the entrepreneurial ventures established will be successful. The Cronbach alpha reliability for this scale was 0.79. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The entrepreneurial intention model to be tested has been presented in Figure 1. Structural equation modeling was used to test its empirical validity. Diperoleh hasil goodness of fit dari ketiga baseline model yang ada (lihat table 1). We estimated the models using the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation procedure of AMOS 5. Table 1: Multiple goodnesss of fit measures of the baseline model Model X ² X ²/DF CFI RMSEA NFI GFI Male 2.523 2.523 .953 .076 .852 .962 Female 2.495 2.495 .956 .075 .856 .982 Male Female 1.741 1.741 .970 .052 .774 .950 We start with some important global goodness of fit. According to Ghozali (2008), a reference to indicators of Goodness of Fit test can be viewed with at least 6 criteria. (1) A first measure is the chi-square value. Fundamental test equipment to measure the overall fit is the likelihood ratio chi square statistic. The model considered good if it has a chi square = 0, which means there is no difference. The recommended level of acceptance is significant if p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0.05, which means the actual input matrix with that, predicted input matrices were not statistically different, (2) We report the normalized chi-square, where it is adjusted by the degree of freedom (df) to evaluate model fit (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²/df). The normalized chi-square should be less than 2.0 or 3.0 for models with adequate fit. (3) The next measure to report is Bentlers comparative fit index (CFI). This index is based on a comparison of the hypothesized model against the independence model as baseline mo del. The range of the CFI is form 0 to 1. A value > 0.9 is considered representative of a good-fit model (Byrne, 2001). (4) The next measure is the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation). RMSEA values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹indicate goodness of fit is expected when the model is estimated in the population. RMSEA value of less than or equal to 0.08 is an index to the receipt of the models show a close fit of the model was based degree of freedom. RMSEA is an index of measurement is not influenced by the size of the sample so that the index is typically used to measure the fit of the model on the number of samples, (5) The Normed Fit Index (NFI) compares minimum fit function value of the actual model with the baseline model (worst fitted Independence Model). NFI values range from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating better fit. Values greater than .90 are typically interpreted as indicating a good fit. (6) GFI (Go odness of Fit Index) used to calculate the weighted proportion of the variance in the sample covariance matrix that described by the estimated population covariance matrix. This index reflects the overall level of fitness model that calculated from the residual quadratic model predicted that compared with the actual data. Goodness of Fit Index value is usually from 0 to 1. Better value close to 1 indicates the model we tested has a good fitness value is said to be good GFI à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0.90. Table 1 shows some Important Multiple goodnesss of fit baseline measures of our three models, while the three baseline for the SEM images can be seen in figure 2. From the study it can be concluded that the male-female baseline model, PA (Personal Attraction), SN (Subjective Norm), and SE (Self-Efficacy) otherwise affect the entrepreneurial intention. This is supported by the results of multiple measurements of the three baseline regression model coefficients obtained results of multiple regression .604 (male baseline model), .643 (female baseline model), .584 (male-female baseline model). In each of the baseline model (male, female, and male-female), the variable PA, SN, and SE simultaneously accounted for 36.5%, 41.4%, and 34.1% in predicting entrepreneurial intention (see Table 2). Table 2: Multiple regression measures of the baseline model Baseline Model R R Square F Sig Male .604a .365 74.624 .000a Female .643a .414 43.739 .000a Male Female .584a .341 34.511 .000a a. Predictors: (Constant), Self-Efficacy, Subjective Norm, Personal Attraction; Dependent Variable: Enterpreneurial Intention Pengaruh masing masing variabel exogenousterhadap endogenouspada setiap baseline model dapat dilihat pada tabel 3. Secara keseluruhan sampel penelitian (male-female baseline model) dapat disimpulkan konsisten dengan Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991, 2001) bahwa ke tiga antecedent (PA, SN, dan SE) berpengaruh terhadap tinggi-rendahnya entrepreneurial intention seorang mahasiswa, dan dari ketiga faktor yang mempengaruhi entrepreneurial intention tersebut, prediktor Self-Efficacy yang paling kuat mempengaruhi Entrepreneurial intention (lihat figure 2, dan table 3).Penelitian terdahulu shows a main effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurial output including entrepreneurial intention, disimpulkan oleh Krueger and Brazeal 1994; Zhao, Seibert and Hills 2005. Hal serupa juga dapat ditunjukkan pada hasil penelitian Ramayah Harun, 2005; Zhao et al, 2005, yang menunjukkan adanya hubungan positif antara efikasi diri dan intensiberwirausaha. Influence of each exogenous to endogenous variables on each baseline model can be seen in Table 3. Overall the study sample (male-female baseline model) can be inferred is consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991, 2001) that the three antecedent (PA, SN, and SE) high-low effect on entrepreneurial intention of a student, and from the three influencing factorsof entrepreneurial intention, the predictors of Self-Efficacy has the most powerful influence to Entrepreneurial intention (see figure 2 and table 3). Previous research showed a main effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurial output Including entrepreneurial intention, inferred by Krueger and Brazeal 1994; Zhao, Seibert and Hills, 2005. The same can be shown in the results of the study Ramayah Aaron, 2005; Zhao et al, 2005, which showed a positive relationship between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. Personal Attraction is an important predictor, in addition to self-efficacy, in predicting the level of entrepreneurial intention in the group of male, while in the group of women Subjective Norm functions become very central in addition to Self Efficacy (see figure 2 and table 3). Table 3: Koefisien regresi antar variabel PA, SN, SE, EI of the baseline model Baseline Model Relationship Male Female Male Female SE -.078 .354** .101 PA -.003 .118 .029 EI .107 .254** .181** EI .316** .262** .301** EI .213** .093 .171** PA: Personal Attraction; SN: Subjective Norm; SE: Self-Efficacy; EI: Entrepreneurial Intention *: p This is probably due to the group of male students (men) tend to not pay attention to the opinions of those around him. They look more independent in decision-making to determine his career. Women may be due to upbringing as a child accustomed to a more gender roles into consideration the environment surrounding their career life, so thattheir entrepreneurial intentions was affected by it. In Indonesia the research that states that the position of women becomes a disadvantage in Small and Medium Enterprises which are caused by the culture, so they face the double burden and are rarely involved in decision-making process (Asian Development Bank-GFA-Swiss Contact Management, 2000 in Mahastanti Nugrahanti, 2010). Its just interesting it was found that among men and women did not differ in terms of intentions kewirausaannya, although in the case of Personal Attraction, Subjective Norm, and Self Efficacy gained significant difference. Group of male students showed Personal Attraction and Self-Efficacy higher than in women. However, groups of women showed higher levels of Subjective Normsthan those in group of men (see table 4). Table 4: Male Female t-test value and mean for each variable Variables Group Mean t-test Sig Entrepreneurial Intention Male 81.20 .716 .398 Female 80.45 Personal Attraction Male 43.77 8.362 .004 Female 40.88 Subjective Norm Male 42.81 35.393 .000 Female 49.81 Self-Efficacy Male 57.83 18.730 .000 Female 52.58 Papalia, Olds Feldman (2001) with social psychological approach to explaining why the men and women of any difference of behavior patterns and psychological state that is due to the existence of gender defferences. Papalia et al. (2001) explains that gender defferences obtained of how the pattern of care received from the small children of men and women differently, they are educated with parenting interests, attitudes, and behaviors are different. As a result, through the gender typing, character / trait and skill of its men and women will be different too, because they adopt the traits, attitudes, and behaviors which are culturally inappropriate for him. In the study Ahmed, Aamir and Ijaz (2011), theirfindings of the study suggest that economic factors have a weak and insignificant impact on the entrepreneurial intentions of students, while structural factors have significant and weak relationship with entrepreneurial intentions. Social factors are the factors That have modest but significant effect on entrepreneurial intentions of university students. It can be inferred That like social support, support from family, colleagues, friends, public etc. has direct and Important influence on the entrepreneurial career preferences of students. So Wang and Wong (2004) have found gender and education level as significant factors in Explaining entrepreneurial intentions. Only Research Rani Kundu (2007) which examines gender issues related to the level of confidence and job performance found that there are differences between men and women in terms of confidence levels, but no difference in job performance. Even from the research of Ali Davies (2003) concluded that there are differences in job performance between men and women, more women have higher job performance than men. This also might be able to answer this research results dynamics which concluded that there was no difference between entrepreneurial intention in male and female students. CONCLUSIONS SUGGESTIONS Overall the structural conceptual model is designed based on goodness of fit of the three have met the eligibility baseline model (fit), so it can be interpreted in accordance with empirical conditions a graduate student. Theoretical research model is an adaptation of the concept of theory of planned behavior. Appropriate research model, Personal Attraction, Subjective Norm, and Self-Efficacy, positive influence on Entrepreneurial Intention. Of the three antecedent variables, Self Efficacy variables that most impact. Specific results acquired in the male student group, Subjective Norm did not significantly affect the Entrepreneurial Intention, whereas in the group of female college students personal atraction not significantly influence entrepreneurial intention. Based on research, in practice it can be suggested that efforts need to be done to improve ones Self-Efficacy for increased ones entrepreneurial intention. This can be done by increasing knowledge and skills so that students become more confident and willing to take risks that can be calculated solution. For future studies are expected to include more demographic variables, such as parental background, education, education level, in order to conduct counseling for male and female students become more focused. Bibliography   Ã‚   Ahmed, I., Aamir, M, Ijaz, H. A. (2011) External factors and entrepreneurial career intentions: moderating role of personality traits. Internaional Journal of Academic Research, Vol. 3, No. 5. September. 262 267. Ajzen, I. (1985),Fromintentionstoactions:aTheory ofPlannedBehavior,inKuhl,J.andBeck ­ mann,J.(Eds),ActionControl:FromCognitiontoBehavior,SpringerVerlag,New York, NY, pp. 11 ­39. Ajzen, I. (1991): The theory of planned behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. Ajzen, I. (2001): Nature and operation of attitudes, Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58. Ajzen, I. (2002): Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1-20. Ali, H. Davies, D. R., (2003) The Effect of Age, Sex, and Tenure on The Job Performance of Rubber Tappers, Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, Vol.23. Armitage, C.J. and Conner, M. (2001): Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analytic review, British Journal of Social Psychology, 40 (4), 471-499. Badan Pusat Statistik (2012), Keadaan Ketenagakerjaan Indonesia Februari 2010. www.bps.go.id diakses 5 Januari 2012 Bandura, A. (1997): Self-efficacy: The exercise of control, New York: Freeman. Baron, R.A. (2004): The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurships basic why questions, Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 221-239. Biehl, B. (2008)The performance of women and men in organisations: a theatre studies approach, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 23 No.

Gary Soto Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout the autobiographical narrative written by Gary Soto, many different literary elements are used to recreate the experience of his guilty six-year old self. Different elements such as contrast, repetition, pacing, diction, and imagery. Soto narrates this story as a young boy at a time when he seems to be young and foolish, Soto foolmaking mistakes, but at the same time hoping to learn from them. Soto uses each of these devices to convey different occurrences in the narrative. Contrast is used when Soto compares himself to Eve, a biblical character, when God punished her for stealing an apple from a sacred garden. Also in the first line of the story Soto explains he â€Å"knew enough about hell to stop me from stealing†, but later in the story he states that, â€Å"the best things in life come stolen.† It is obvious these two statements contrast each other. Soto also uses repetition in this story and starts off with the driver, Mrs. Hancock, and his mom who all â€Å"knew† that he had stolen the pie. The thing is â€Å"knew† is repeated too many times in too little writing. Also though I think using â€Å"knew† so many times brings out the element of diction into the narrative because by using the word so many times, it is obviously used to show how paranoid Soto was. The word pie is at least 14 times while â€Å"I† is also used at least 42 where in the third paragraph it is used to begin the last three sentences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, was the element of pacing and in the third par...

A critical essay based on three scenes Essay

Consider the importance of these scenes in the play as a whole. You should write about:   Dramatic effect   The language of the scenes Presentation of character   Changes in mood and tone Key themes within Romeo and Juliet are conveyed to the audience within the prologue. These themes help the audience to understand the first meeting between Romeo and Juliet and also their later meetings. Within the prologue, it is written by Shakespeare that from these two families, Romeo and Juliet are destined to fall in love; it also conveys the hatred of both families: † From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life†. The audience has already been told that they are destined to fall in love, it is written in the stars and also are destined to take their own lives. The first impression that helps the reader to understand Romeo is that he is in love with a girl called Rosaline, however Romeo has been rejected. Consequently, Romeo feels very lonely and isolated, and he has also become depressed. This prepares the audience for his meeting with Juliet. Juliet does not come into the story until Act 1 Scene 2, where Capulet, her father, and Paris who wishes to marry Juliet are discussing her. The first impression of Juliet that the audience understands is that she is a very dutiful daughter to the Capulet family. Juliet has also become very obedient. The adults control her in her life, all of her decisions are made for her and she is protected form the outside world. These impressions tell the reader that both Romeo and Juliet are very vulnerable. Juliet has never loved anyone whereas Romeo has been depressed from falling out of love. These all lead up to Act 1 scene 5 where Romeo and Juliet meet. Romeo and Juliet are destined to meet because the servant cannot read and asks Romeo for help. Benvolio persuades Romeo to go so that he can see other woman, however destiny has facilitated Romeo and Juliet’s meeting. Act 1 scene 5 is the first scene is the first scene where Romeo and Juliet meet each other. There is a mascarade party within the Capulet household. This is the scene where Romeo and Juliet first kiss. Everything builds up to this scene. Firstly, the beginning of the scene shows the presentation of the characters wearing masks to cover their faces. Within this scene, when Romeo and Juliet first meet, Shakespeare changes the language, which they both speak to each other. The language used by Romeo and Juliet speak is very poetic, and also very religious, also Romeo speaks first: † This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this†. The layout of the way Romeo and Juliet speak is very poetic, and is also in the form of a sonnet. This quote shows that Romeo is comparing Juliet to a shrine and pilgrims: † My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand†. This play has a strong religious base, as it shows signs of death and marriage. Religion also conveys purity and key elements within life. Romeo and Juliet both speak in a manner of a sonnet. They both speak a full stanza, and then two lines each, and then a couplet, which they both share. Juliet gains confidence as the conversation goes on. As both Romeo and Juliet’s responses become much shorter, they also move closer to each other ready to kiss. Within the sonnet, the use of a couplet which Romeo and Juliet both share, suggests that they are meant to be: Juliet: † Saints do not move, though grant for prayer’s sake. Romeo: Then move not while my prayer’s effect I take†. This couplet adds an effect that they are meant to be, love at first sight and are immediately attracted. Fate has dictated that they would die together which allows many moments of dramatic irony due to the audience already knowing that it is written in the prologue. The dramatic effect within this scene is the use of religion. Later on in the scene, dramatic irony is shown again as Juliet speaks to the nurse: â€Å"My grave is like to be my wedding bed†. This is dramatic irony, as the audience already knows from reading the prologue that this will come true, as it is their destiny. Act 2 scene 2 is the second meeting where Romeo and Juliet meet. This is one of the most famous scenes in Romeo and Juliet, and also the most romantic scenes in the history of drama. This is the balcony scene where the destined lovers engage in a very poetic and romantic conversation. The mood and tone of this scene is built up by romantic conversation, firstly, Romeo speaking aloud. Romeo dominates this scene, as he is the one who pursues her. He begins the conversation in the opening of the scene. This whole scene is devoted to Romeo and Juliet’s interaction. Romeo sees light in the window of the balcony, and uses a metaphor to compare Juliet to the sun: ‘It is the east, and Juliet is the sun†. Romeo compares Juliet to the sun, as light is essential for everyone to survive, as Juliet is essential for Romeo to live. Light is eternal and it shows security and warmth. It is also very pure. Again, within this scene, religion is used to convey Juliet’s innocence: â€Å"As is a winged messenger of heaven†. Romeo compares Juliet to an angel, which shows love, purity and innocence. Within this scene, Romeo is very poetic, whereas Juliet is pragmatic: † If they do see thee, they will murder thee†. This shows that Juliet is aware of the consequences that will befall Romeo if he is caught. Within this scene Juliet is very nervous and feels very insecure: † Dost thou love me? I know thou wilt say ‘Ay’. † This quote shows that Juliet feels herself very insecure and questions Romeo about their love. In the scene, Romeo uses a variety of techniques to declare her love: † I should adventure for such merchandise†. Romeo uses this to persuade Juliet and shows exaggerated devotion towards her. Juliet also changes during the course of the scene. † In touch, fair Montague, I am too fond†. Juliet uses an epithet- ‘fair Montague’ which shows that she has had a change in confidence. Juliet’s perception of Romeo is that he is fair and kind. Romeo gives Juliet his reassurance of their love: † Th’exchange of thy love’s faithful vow for mine†. This quote shows that Romeo wants her love. In this scene dramatic irony is introduced again: † And the place death, considering who thou art, If any of my kinsmen find thee here†. This quote shows that Juliet’s family will come after Romeo if they find him here, Tybalt’s violent threats earlier in the play increase the tension. Juliet switches the conversation to where they will next meet: † I have no joy of this contract tonight†. Once Juliet is sure Romeo is in love with her, she needs a sense of future security whereas Romeo continues to be romantic and live for the moment. Act 3 scene 5 is the third and final scene which Romeo and Juliet are presented to the audience alive. Between Act 2 scene 2 to this scene, Shakespeare has added violence to contrast with love. This is so that the audience can anticipate the tragedy as it builds up tension towards the death scene. Within this scene, the mood has changed from previous scenes where Tybalt has been killed, and Capulet insisting on Juliet marrying Paris, the tension has lifted. Juliet opens the scene, which shows that she is more confident now. Juliet is very poetic: â€Å"It was the nightingale, and not the lark†¦. † Juliet is playing with Romeo, teasing him and with the use of romantic imagery she is trying to persuade Romeo to stay with her. Within this scene Romeo and Juliet speak equally, feeling both equally confident. Most of what Juliet is saying is that she wants him to stay longer, due to his banishment: â€Å"Therefore stay yet, thou need’st not to be gone†. This quote shows Juliet’s insecurity, she needs to feel his devotion. Romeo replies to this question: † I have more care to stay than will to go†. This response is what Juliet wants to hear to feel his devotion and reassurance of their love. Within this scene, due to Juliet feeling confident, she once again becomes pragmatic: â€Å"It is, it is, hie hence, be gone, away! â€Å". There is again also dramatic irony in this scene: † More light and light, more dark and dark our woes! † This illustrates that there future is very bleak, becoming depressing as the day goes on. Juliet feels her life is Romeo: † Then, window, let day in, and let life out†. There is another case of dramatic irony when Romeo and Juliet speak: † O think’st thou we shall ever meet again? â€Å". These words are said in innocence but the audience suspect that this will be the last time they are together alive: From these three scenes we can come to a conclusion that Romeo and Juliet’s relationship was set to end in tragedy, which was their destiny. There relationship dramatically changed over the course of five days. The three scenes in which Romeo and Juliet interact all lead up to the tragic ending. The intensity of their love propelled them forward to a tragic end. Over the course of their love the audience can observe that Juliet is becoming more confident in her love for Romeo. Their seemingly desperate need for each other blinds them from behaving rationally. Their love shows intensity which shows that they were meant to be, as together as one soul. Fate and destiny has made them fall in love and also takes their lives.

I.C.T In Our Society Essay

This report is about how ICT has affected us as a society. For example, for entertainment purposes like games consoles, communication purposes such as mobile phones, storage purposes such as storing music on a CD or for social purposes such as email. E-mail The first thing I will look at will be email. With email you can quickly talk to friends, work colleagues, basically anyone who has an email address. I have two email accounts, one at home provided by hotmail, which is useful because I can log-on to it anywhere via the Internet. I also have one at school provided by Solihull L.E.A, which I can only access at school; both have a unique log-on I.D and password. With my personal account (hotmail) I can choose a unique login I.D and password when I register, providing it ends with @hotmail.com. With my school account I can only choose the password. As a student my school account is free and I get absolutely no junk mail thanks to the junk-mail filter and I can receive emails from anyone. The L.E.A also scans every email for anything suspicious such as files containing viruses; if one of these are found then the L.E.A will not let the email through. Email is useful and easy and is an efficient way to contact my friends and relatives. If I want to get in touch with several people in one email I simply put a semi-colon in between each persons email address. If I want to get in touch with several people, email is one of the easiest ways to do so. I can set up an address book which means I could email everyone in that address book at once, also by setting up an address book I don’t have to remember everyone’s email address and it helps me stop making mistakes. Workers in offices usually have email accounts open all day, which means if they receive an email the response time is very quick. The problem with email is that if the inbox becomes full I couldn’t receive any more emails until I had deleted some of my old ones. Pictures take up a lot of space and some pictures can be too big to send in the first place. Say for instance I had done a word document in history on Hitler and the Nazis, I may want to carry on with it at home but when I come to send it, I can’t because I have too many pictures on there that take up space. Also if someone doesn’t have broadband than it could take a long time to attach a document or presentation to an email and even with broadband it could take a long time depending on the size of the file. A good thing about most email accounts is that they are free but then I get a lot of adverts and pop-ups. If email companies are going to give people free email then they need to get the money from somewhere to make sure they can afford the payment of the site, this is where the adverts and pop-ups come in, other companies pay companies such as ‘hotmail’ to put their adverts and pop-ups on their websites hence ‘hotmail’ can pay for the upkeep of the site. I can set up a filter on my email account so that I only receive emails from people in my address book. The problem is though that before I can receive emails from someone I need to add them to my address book and if someone changes their email I need to edit my address book. The alternatives to email are fax, which can be quick but can cost a lot of money, or text that is quick so long as the other person has their phone on; you also need signal and credit, which can be a problem. Both can be useful if email is not available, but when compared to the quickness and the fact that email is basically free, email is the best thing to use. To conclude, email is useful to communicate with people no matter where they are in the world mostly free of cost, which means it can be better than a mobile phone or fax but due to the time difference between countries, there is no guarantee that they will receive the email in the time you need them to see it. Entertainment The next thing I will look at will be the entertainment side of ICT and for this I will look at games consoles. There is a lot of competition at the moment between the PS2 made by Sony, the Gamecube made by Nintendo and the Xbox made by Microsoft. People use games consoles for 3 main purposes; the first is single player use where the player simply plays the game on their own trying to complete the game. The second is multiplayer use where two or more people can play on one console and either try to complete the game cooperatively or go against each other in different game types. The third is online play, which has only recently taken off since broadband became so popular. At the moment there is no prospect for online play on the Gamecube but Xbox and PS2 have successful online play. Players who want to play online need broadband to play because dial-up can’t handle the speed that is required. The Xbox online play is called Xbox Live and players make an account for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40 a year and can make a list of friends and whenever their friends are online they can join them and play with them. The problem is that if two friends want to play together they both need the same game and both need to be online. Also, if broadba nd is not available then people can’t play online. I use an Xbox and play Xbox Live quite often. I have experienced problems though, for example my broadband router had broken and I couldn’t go on Xbox Live until I got it fixed, also the Xbox Live service had not responded which again meant that I couldn’t use the service. The other problem is that paedophiles are able to use the service so you never know if the person you are talking to is being genuine or not. People also use games consoles for watching DVD’s but this has only become available in the newer consoles. With the Xbox you can also put a CD into the Xbox and save it to the integrated hard disk and can then play the CD’s while your playing a game. Again this is technology that has only recently been introduced. Another type of entertainment is digital TV. Originally TV and radio used analogue signals but over the past few years more and more digital radios and digital TV’s have become available. A digital signal is basically a TV or radio signal that is computerised and has to be decoded at the receiving end in order to watch digital TV or listen to virtually crystal clear music on a radio. Digital television (DTV) allows you to receive digital transmissions from different TV stations that have installed digital transmitters and record their programmes using equipment that can handle digital signals. With DTV you can enjoy excellent quality pictures and clear sound. But all good things come at a price and in order to watch Digital TV you must buy either a digital TV adaptor for an existing TV, which will cost about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100, or you can buy a new integrated DTV television set known as a iDTV for about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500. I use Digital TV because I have Sky Digital. It is a good quality picture and good sound and also doesn’t cost too much at approx à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 a month. I have a digibox, which is basically a small box on top of or underneath the TV and the signal comes through a Sky dish on the side of my house. The signal is then transferred to the digibox and I can watch the channel I want on my TV. There are a lot of channels on Sky and I only have a few of them. There are also movie channels which show movies 24/7 on about 12 different channels, and sport channel which shows sport 24/7 on about 15 different channels, but to have all these channels can cost over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 a month. The disadvantage comes when there is bad weather. In heavy rain the signal often gets interrupted which means that either no signal is received or a very poor signal is received. As in a thunderstorm, the signal gets interrupted and no signal can be received. Other problems can be if the station I am receiving the picture from is experiencing technical problems no signal can be received. Most of the time though the quality is good and there is no problem. A revolutionary new technology that Sky has introduced is called Sky plus. With this you get a new digibox and Sky plus allows you to pause live TV, record shows and watch them later without the use of a VCR. You can even rewind live TV if you want to watch something again, such as a good goal in a football match. If you do stop or rewind then a little counter comes up on screen that tells you how far behind the live TV you are, then by simply pressing play on the remote control you can carry on watching from where you paused it or you can just go back to the live TV by pressing the sky button. This is technology that has only recently been introduced and costs an extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 on top of whatever sky package you already have. Storage Media There are a lot of different types of Storage Media. Originally data was stored on floppy disks but space was limited and the disks were quite large. Consequently there soon became a need for more and more space to store things on. Floppy disks could only hold 1.4mb of data but then zip drives became available which could hold different amounts of data, the maximum of which was 250mb. The disadvantage of this was that you couldn’t put the disk straight into your computer. You had to buy a zip drive which either connected to the computer through USB or you could plug it straight into the computer. This was only a short- term solution and demand came for more and more space. The answer was compact disks, known as CD’s for short. Originally designed to hold music, CD’s could hold up to 700mb of data, an ideal source for storing data. Nowadays computers are fitted with CD-Rewriters (CD-RW), which can store music on a CD, make a copy of a CD, or just store es.here are currently two types of disks available they are: CD-Record (CD-R) – this can only have files or music stored on it once and then you can’t add or take anything off the CD. CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) – this can have music or files stored on it as many times as you want. If you add something and feel you want to add more, you can easily do this. You can now get a DVD type disk. These can hold much more data than normal CD’s but they do cost more and will not work on some older computers. I usually use CD-R to store music because CD-RW does not work on some CD players, which can be a problem. If I want to store data on a CD however I usually use a CD-RW as most computers can read these and I can always add more data at a later stage. Businesses use CD-RW on their computers because if they have data that they want everyone in the office to have, then they can simply put the data on a CD and make numerous copies of it. They can then give everyone in the office a copy of the CD. At school we use CD-RW. For example, in the ICT course, the school wanted us each to have two CD’s. They had the two CD’s they wanted and then copied them and gave everyone doing the ICT course a copy to take home. The CD’s had useful software and information on that I will use while doing the ICT course. The obvious disadvantage to storing data or music on CD’s is that if the CD becomes full then no more data can be put onto the CD. If you want to put a PowerPoint presentation and a word document on a CD then the presentation may take up a lot, maybe even all, the space. This will depend on the content and how many pictures it has on it. If the presentation does take up all the space then there won’t be enough room for the word document and that would mean you would have to use another CD. That would be an inconvenient because you would have to carry two CD’s around. The alternative to CD’s is email but the amount of data that can be sent by email can be limited. Also the person who needs the information may not have access to a computer. Another alternative is to print all the information on paper and post it to the person who needs it. Communication Mobile phones are everywhere these days and virtually everyone has got one. Mobile phones used to be much larger than they are now and were a big inconvenience to carry around, as they couldn’t just fit into your pocket like the mobile phones of today. Only wealthy businessmen owned them, as they were expensive to both use and buy. As with all things, over time they got smaller and smaller and now they can be very small and more and more people have them. They are even regarded as a necessity to young people. People don’t just use mobile phones for calling other people though. Texting has become a very popular way to communicate, especially amongst the younger generation. There are two main types of message; Short Message Service (SMS) – this is the most common use of texting and one of the most useful. A message, just like an email, of up to 150 characters can be sent to one or more people at once for an average of 10p per message. Due to the small amount of characters a texting ‘language’ has developed to reduce space and therefore enable you to say more in a message. An example of this language would be ‘you’ has been shortened to just ‘u’. They both sound the same but one takes up fewer characters than the other. Hundreds of thousands of these messages are sent every day from mobile to mobile and providing signal is good and both people have there mobile phones on, a text message can be sent from here to Australia in an amazing 6 seconds. New services have become available using text messages. For example phone companies such as Vodafone allow mobile phone users to subscribe to a service where football or cricket scores can be sent to the subscribers phone as soon as they happen. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) – Another recent development, MMS is an advanced form of SMS. Instead of just sending a message, new mobile phones will allow you to send photos, or you could send ringtones, or a pre-recorded voice message. These new phones are a little heavier then old mobile phones, but they are more sophisticated. For instance, if you go on holiday, instead of sending a postcard to your friends and family you could just take a picture using the inbuilt camera and send it using an MMS message. You can even add some writing to it. I have a new mobile phone with a digital camera; I can take good quality pictures and then send them to my friends. I also use a mobile phone to text my friends but to do this I need a good signal and sufficient credit. Businesses use mobile phones, especially people that travel around a lot and are not based in one location all the time. Salesmen would find it hard to manage without mobile phones, as they need to be able to keep in touch with their customers, and with one another, at all times. One major disadvantage of mobile phones is that they are thought to emit radioactivity. Although this has not been proven there are many people that believe that radio masts and mobile phones are a health problem to them and there are strict planning laws regarding the positioning of radio masts.

Philippines: The National Achievement Test Essay

To assess and monitor the quality of basic education in the Philippines, achievement tests were administered to public schools both elementary and secondary. These achievement tests include National Achievement Test (NAT), Regional Achievement Test (RAT) and Division Achievement Test (DAT). Of these three achievements tests, the NAT is the main criterion of the school performance. Meanwhile, the RAT and DAT served as preparatory assessment procedures to be able the school to determine its readiness for the |NAT. The National Achievement Test (NAT) is a Philippine-made standardized test designed to determine pupils/students’ achievement level, strengths and weaknesses in five key curricular subject areas at the end of the school year. The NAT was developed to measure what pupils/students in grade three, grade six and fourth Year know and can do in five subject areas: Science, Mathematics, English, Filipino, and HeKaSi (Heograpiya, Kasaysayan at Sibika) in elementary and Araling Panlipunan in secondary level. Specifically, the test aims to: 1.) provide empirical information on the achievement level of pupils/students, to serve as guide for policy makers, administrators, curriculum planners , supervisors, principals and teachers in their respective courses of action 2.) identify and analyze variations on achievement levels across the years by region, division, school and other variables and 3.) determine the rate of improvement in basic education with respect to individual schools within certain time frames. Target clienteles of this achievement test are Grade 3 students of public schools, Grade 6 students both public and private schools (census) and Year 4 students both in public and private schools (census). It is composed of 310 items divided into learning areas such as Science, Mathematics, English, Filipino, Araling Panlipunan, plus critical thinking.

Questions and Answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions and Answers - Assignment Example The misuse of hard liquor is itself a social harm, with additional economic costs as well as increased health consequences in the long-term (Mathurin & Deltenre, 2009). For parents sending their teenagers off to college, the survey results are but a sobering reminder that not all activities in college are caged in slide rules and long hours at the library. Noteworthy, such negative publicity informs public opinion, whether true or falls, on the type of policies operationalized in such institutions. The study deviates a little from the survey rankings and so seeks to determine whether there is any relationship/connection between a student’s gender and binge drinking in such institutions of higher learning. To get the answers sought after, the study will sample opinions of students on whether such negative partying has any relationship with one’s gender. The study will utilize a sample size of 100 students, with each selected using simple random sampling