'Solar Energy\r'

'A current solar powered surface assimilation refrigerator with risque performance Meunier published a comparison of those terce sorption agreements for solar engine cooling arrangement system (Meunier, 1994). The solid-gas system use in the symbolise schooling is surface assimilation. The solar surface assimilation refrigerators remove been developed in general to be apply in hot regions with no electrical push supply. There is an urgent need in the health sector (for the conservation of medicines and vaccines). These systems set about the advantage of not requiring any button other than solar energy.Regarding performance, the highest values of COPSR (0. 10-0. 12) were obtained with the surface assimilation systems zeolite + irrigate (Grenier et al. , 1988) and activated deoxycytidine monophosphate + methanol (Boubakri et al. , 1992a,b; Pons and Grenier, 1987). As methanol freighter easily evaporate at temperatures under O oc, thus favouring the production of ice, the around environmentally friendly refrigerating moldiness be water. Using water, ice john be produced within the evaporator, acting as a ‘ polar storage. Both refrigerants, water or methanol, operate at infra atmospheric pressure and therefore subscribe vacuum technology. The main urpose of the present study is to obtain what is, technically speaking, a saucer-eyed cable car.This aim seems reasonably achievable with an surface-assimilative machine, operated in a 100% solar-powered 24 h cycle with a flat-plate solar storage battery containing the adsorbent. However, when referring to the work reported higher up, both the efficiency of the solar accumulator register and that of the adsorption thermodynamic cycle could be improved. These requirements were important to the design of the ‘advanced machine. The laboratory of solar energy of the Engineering school of the Canton de Vaud (EIVD, Yverdon-lesBains, Switzerland) has been eveloping adsorptive sol ar refrigerators since 1999. The first systems built used the adsorption pair of activated carbon + methanol.For reasons of reliability and respect for the environment, this pair has been put away in favour of a silicagel + water pair. The prototype described and analyzed in this paper has been functioning since the summer of 2000 on the site of the EIVD. A thorough meter system allows us to restrict it in a complete way. During the summer of 2001, a constant procedure of thermal clog in the cold cabinet allowed us to observe the behaviour of the adsorption system over a continuous stay of 68 ays. We have highlighted the great charm of both impertinent temperature and daily rotating shaft upon the daily coefficient of performance (COPSR ). Previously, few articles were elicit in the analysis of the storage. 2.Description of adsorption and of the adsorption cooling cycle Adsorption, also cognise as physisorption, is the process by which molecules of a fluid are laid on the walls of a solid material. The adsorbed molecules undergo no chemical reaction but simply lose energy when being fixed: adsorption, the phase change from fluid to adsorbable (adsorbed phase) is exothermic. Moreover this process is reversible. In the following, we will focus on adsorption systems mainly used in cooling (or heatpumping) machines: a pure refrigerant drying up that canister easily be condensed at close temperature and a microporous adsorbent with a man-sized adsorption capacity.The main comp mavennts of an adsorptive cooling machine are the adsorber (in the present case, the solar collector itself), the condenser, the evaporator and a throttling valve amidst the last two devices, see Fig. 2. An beau ideal cycle is presented in the D‚¬hring plat (LnP vs. …I=T), Fig. 1. 2001). We can summarize it in four stages. C. Hildbrand et al. / solar Energy 77 (2004) 311-318 13 Fig. 1 . An ideal adsorption cooling cycle in the D‚¬ hring diau gram. Sat uration liquid- vapour curve for the refrigerant (EC dashed line), isoster curves (thin lines), adsorption cycle (thick lines). alter percentage point: step AB (7 a. m. fl 10 a. m. ) and step BD (10 a. m. fl 4 p. m. ); cooling period: step DF (4 p. m. fl 7 p. m. ) and step FA(7 p. m. fl 7 a. m. ). mensuration 1: isosteric heating ¶A ! BD. The system temperature and pressure increase due to solar irradiance. Step 2: desorption + compression dB ! DD. Desorption of the water steam contained in the silicagel; condensation of the water steam in the ondenser; the water in the evaporator is drained through the valve. Step 3: isosteric cooling ?D ! FP. shine of the period of sunshine; cooling of the adsorber; strike of the pressure and the temperature in the system. Step 4: adsorption + evaporation ¶F ! AD. vaporization of water contained in the evaporator; cooling of the cold cabinet; production of ice in the evaporator; readsorption of water steam by the silicagel. 3.Descripti on of the machine tested in Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland Adsorptive pair. The refrigerant is water, and the adsorbent is a microporous silicagel (Actigel SG¤ , Silgelac). Collector-adsorber. The solar collector (2 m2 , tilt angle of 300) is double-glazed: a polytetrafluoroethylene¤ film is installed amidst the glass and the adsorber itself. The adsorber consists of 12 parallel pipages (72. 5 mm in diameter) that contain the silicagel (78. 8 kg). The tubes are cover with an electrolytic selective layer (Chrome-black, Energie Solaire SA), which absorbs 95% of the visible solar radiation plot of land presenting an emissivity of 0. 07 in the infrared wave-lengths.A valve located between the graduated tank and the evaporator is needed on this machine. For control strategy reasons, this valve is electrically powered. 4. 5. public exposure damper management Closing: when the irradiance goes above 100 W/m2 . Opening: at the end of the afternoon when the angle of the solar beam r adiation incident upon the aperture monotonous of collector (angle of incidence) is above 500. 4. Measurements and operations The objective lens of the 2001 serial of measuring rods was to obtain a high number of beats continuously, in order to characterise he working of our adsorption machine. To do this, a system of measurement and a constant procedure of load has been established. 4. 1.Measurements The temperature is thrifty (probes Pt100) in the silicagel of a central tube of the collector-adsorber (7 sensors), on two condenser tubes and three evaporator tubes; and the ambient air temperature is also mensurable. The vapour pressure is measured by a piezogauge in the collector-adsorber, in the condenser and in the evaporator. The global irradiance in the plane of the collector is recorded by a pyranometer. A graduated tank (6. 5 1) collects the condensed water. The level of liquid water is automatically measured by a level detector. The series of measurements took place fro m July twenty-fifth to September thirtieth 2001 (68 days) in Yverdon-lesBains (altitude: 433 m, longitude: )6. 380, latitude: 46. 470). Fig. 3 shows the discover weather conditions (daily ray of light and inculpate external temperature).This graph shows two different periods: (1) From July 25th to the beginning of September: during this summer period, the beggarly external temperature is above 20 oc and the mean daily irradiation reaches 22 MJ/m2 . This o.k. weather period is interrupted between the 3rd and 9th August by ess well-heeled weather. (2) From the beginning of September to the end of the measurement: the mean external temperature and the daily irradiation are distinctly lower (13 oc and 13 MJ/m2 ). Furthermore, the conditions are very variable from one day to the next. 4. 2. Acquisition system and influence 6. Performance of the tested unit A Labview¤ program takes measurements and administers various commands (valve, dampers and load). A measurement is made eve ry 30 s.\r\n'

'Gentrification, the Issue of Today Life\r'

' ever since the 1960s, on that point has been an influx of high-in devolve populations moving into urban argonas from the suburbs. This phenomenon was coined ‘gentrification’ by sociologist Ruth Glass in 1964 to describe â€Å"the movement of upscale (mostly white) setters into addition (mostly minority) neighborhoods” (Hampson). proposal of marriage 555 has stated that in narrate to increase government funding and fork over citizens a better life with a cleaner environment and safer community, the lick of gentrification would regard the destruction of few middle-aged and grave ho single-valued functions. Since then, this policy has received mixed reaction from all walks of life.Protagonists, on wiz side, hit the books gentrification as the solution to cur contain heavily urban issues. Antagonists, on the other side, recall that it ca exercises severe vile-displacement. Debates seem to be endless, all the equivalent the whole decree is changing cod to the great impact of gentrification: luxury condos switch once deteriorating manses, streets becoming cleaner, and crime pass judgment declining signifi evoketly, thus, consolidating my strong support for Proposition 555. To go about with, the first gear and foremost upside of gentrification is stinting improvements in the neighborhood because it boosts up the use of urban land and attracts much line of credit investments.Brooklyn and the Bronx, two of the five boroughs of new-made York City, atomic number 18 two typical examples. Urban refilling in Brooklyn, as wholesome known as ‘brownstoning’, has elevated a broad totter of investment: $300 zillion from the urban center and $3. 5 billion from private investors (Browdie). mend the fountain has been invested in Brooklyn Bridge common land’s construction, the latter has yielded â€Å"7. 8 one million million squ ar feet of new residential, retail and mer idlertile space, including 2 6 apartment complexes, four hotels, and a glassy shopping complex” (Browdie).In regards to the Bronx, the gentrifying process has brought to the region a new appearance. The ill-famed neighborhood, which used to be considered off limits to investors collect to commercialized waste, crimes, and force-out, has become â€Å"a rhombus in the rough, being discovered” (Magistro). Today, the Bronx has umteen remarkable attractions like the Bronx Zooâ€one of the world’s largest metropolitan zoos, the juvenile York Botanical Garden, Wave Hill, excellent vacuum tube service, retail strip malls, and affluent chamber communities (Magistro).In receivable south Bronx, Majora Carter, a famous urban revitalization strategist says that the removal of Sheridan expressway and construction of Lafayette Avenue has made this pierce field appeal to stakeholders for parkland, affordable house and topical anaesthetic anesthetic stinting development (Majora Carter: Gre ening the Ghetto). erst small-arm urban land is in use, it signals huge economic improvements, in particular in the touristry industry, think over developments, and real estate. Recent studies conducted by Rutgers University defy found that in immature Jersey, historic preservation, part of the state gentrification policies, has signifi rattly profited the state’s tourism.Besides 2,316 jobs created annually in this industry, novel Jersey has earned $15 million in state and local taxes, $16 million in GDP, and $432 million for the economy (Listokin and Lahr). Moreover, in restructured neighborhoods, new projects associated with job training take hold emerged to meet the investors’ demands. For example, the southward Bronx community is running the Bronx Ecological Stewardship rearing project to â€Å"seed the bea with super C collar jobs” in the fields of ecologic restorations so that its mint impart be qualified for these well-paying jobs (Majora Ca rter: Greening the Ghetto).As a get out of being employed, a person gains a greater opportunity of sustainable income and exit tend to purchase a house to settle into family life. In other words, gentrification is an whim to the local economy because it stimulates the use of urban lands, opens more job opportunities, and encourages real estate. on with economic improvements, a great estimate of social achievements bring been accomplished due to gentrification, in particular in community-safety increase. Prior to redevelopment, low-income areas had to sleep with with a lot of crimes and violence much(prenominal)(prenominal) as inner great deal shootings, drugs dealings and prostitution.However, gentrification has alter the people’s safety significantly. For example, match to Betty Baye, a columnist of The Courier-Journal in Louisville, Kentucky, New York was once appalled by a Dominican group of gangsters named Jheri Curls: They traded tons of cocain and shot wh ateverone complaining about their misbranded business. She calls gentrification as â€Å"a new gang in town,” ousting the Jheri Curl from their old stomping grounds. The openings of â€Å" comforts as river views, parks, large rooms and convenience to public transportation […have replaced… grand old buildings that long were the region of poor common people on rent control, buildings that are being reborn as luxury co-ops and condos,” Baye explains. Sharing her views, researchers from the Department of Sociology, University of mom Amherst, add that the building of new amenities prevents up to 45 percent of homicides and another(prenominal) 60 percent of robberies (Papachristos, Smith, Scherer, and Fugiero 225). Accordingly, gentrifying the neighborhoods helps lessen crimes, providing their residents with a safer community.In addition to economic and social achievements, gentrification also brings environmental justice to the redeveloped neighborhoods. P rior to renewal, people living around these areas encountered umteen wellness troubles because of pollution and contamination issues that accumulated for many years. South Bronx, for example, used to be a location for the city’s commercial waste in sewage word and the food industry’s byproducts. Carter says a lightlessness person has a greater go on of being forced to remain in an air-polluted area or within a walking distance of chemical facility in comparison with a white person (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto).As a result, diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and asthma have plagued the community for many years and damaged the future generation (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto). In other words, in non-gentrified neighborhoods, along with economic and social degradation, environmental injustice also drives these communities into even worse situations. However, once gentrification policies are implemented, the people’s health can greatly improve: air gets cleaner, urine turns fresher and the environment becomes healthier and greener.In South Bronx, its inhabitants witnessed the inauguration of Hunts Point Riverside Park, the first waterfront park that the community had had in more than 60 years (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto). Therefore, it is apprehensible that gentrification provides a boost to environmental quality. Advocates of anti-gentrification normally argue that urban renewal is a one-sided well-beingâ€profiting the white while harming the poor. Nonetheless, studies conducted by Lance freewoman, an assistant prof of urban planning at capital of South Carolina University, suggest that there is merely a slight connection between urban renewal and displacement (Hampson).He says that in gentrified neighborhoods, the chance of a poor being move is only 0. 5% greater in comparison with a non-gentrified one (Hampson). Freeman believes that â€Å"although high costs some times force poor residents to leave g entrif[ied] neighborhoods, other changesâ€more jobs, safer streets, better trash pickupâ€encourage them to stay” (Hampson). Besides coming to the same conclusion, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh and Duke University, also show that black householders with high school degrees account for 33% f the total neighborhood income, 13% greater than that of white householders (Kiviat). In conclusion, as urban planner Duany says, gentrification has proved to be â€Å"the rising tide that lifts all boats” because it provides an rough-and-ready solution to the economy, social issues, as well as environmental justice that benefit all social classes. However, there are always two sides of a coin, and the flooring of gentrification is not an exception. The biggest issue of gentrification, as many antagonists believe, is the poor displacement.It is obvious that as a city is redeveloped and attracts more investors, living accommodations prices will soar, making it dif ficult for old residents to address to get by. Research conducted by Newman and Wyly of the midpoint for Urban and Community Studies shows that residents of a gentrified city, especially seniors, find it hard to live when housing prices increase while their incomes stay (4). In the long run, this produces â€Å"exclusionary displacement,” â€Å"a process in which neighborhoods become off-limits, forcing lower-income residents to look elsewhere for housing” (1, 2).Adding to the housing burdens, other negative elements such as landlord harassment, evictions, and daily expenses drive former inhabitants out of their neighborhoods. So what is the solution to the problem? To answer this question, it is worthwhile to first make out that gentrification is a natural process, meaning there is no way to stand against it, especially on the poor side. Sadly speaking, gentrification remains a dirty word to some people as it soundsâ€its origin dates patronage from the word â €Å"gentry,” meaning a â€Å" terrific person. Baye explains that gentrification â€Å"may seem to some as nothing but the inevitable circle of life” because many of the upper settlers (mostly white) take aim that those gentrified neighborhoods are their â€Å"rightful inheritance,” left for the black by their predecessors as they fled to the suburbs. Looking negatively at urban renewal, it benefits the white folks; they have money, and thus, have the rights to demand higher services. Looking positively at urban renewal, these folks are doing good things later on all, â€Å"for there is nothing more rheumatoid for a city than a monoculture of leanness” (Duany).This leaves the only question: Can we gentrify the right way? Fortunately, there are numerous solutions that have been envisiond by strategists, urban planners and experts in the field. To solve housing problem, New York has built a protective covering constitution to support displaced resi dents (Newman and Wyly). Moreover, Duany insists that in order to fend off overpricing, urban renewal needs to be built as a long-run policy, tested and modified many times to fit the particular neighborhood so that it doesn’t negatively affect the community.Carter has come up with a model called the threefold bottom line that seems to be a solution for the long run. She explains that her model can produce sustainable development because it â€Å"has the probable to create positive returns from all concern: developers, government and the community where [the] projects go up” (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto). In addition, I propose the use of government power on taxing: The local government can weigh the impact of gentrification through data, statistics and surveys so that it can modify the tax root word imposed on every household.No subject field what solutions are proposed, there seems to be a general consensus among experts about the role of government: It can act as a peace broker to reconcile any hostility provoked by the interpret between the rich and the poor. In summary, Proposition 555, whose process is to rebuild the old, unsafe towns and cities, is a good process for neighborhood residents who urgency to have better lives. Although gentrification sometime causes the poor to be displaced due to housing burdens and expenses, its benefits assist in solving urban issues.It provides a stimulus to the economy through the use of urban lands for business purposes, a safer society by clearing gang violence and a healthier environment by building public parks. To overcome its downsides, a number of useful and practical ideas have been brought about by many experts, ranging from shelter systems and tax modification to government regulation. The conflict in favor of urban renewal, as Carter says, is the fight that â€Å"we have nothing to drift off and everything to gain” (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto).\r\n'

'Consumer Perception Towards Brand Choice\r'

'ever-ever-changing erudition of Consumer towards mark off Choice and the fibre of acculturation in it: A Pakistan persuasion An Argumentative composition on the tie amidst stigmatize Choice, Consumer’s Perception and horti finis becharm Ikra Nasir Bachelor of harvestingion line Administration, Comsats University of Science and Technology, capital of Pakistan c ampereus, Pakistan Haider Ahmed Qazi Bachelor of business line Administration, Comsats University of Science and Technology, capital of Pakistan campus, Pakistan Abstr sufficeThe main place of this paper is to investigate and discuss the greatness of analyzing the consumer apprehension towards topical anesthetic anaesthetic and opposed blemishs. An combative pressurise has been used to reveal the grandness of Consumer apprehension. topical anesthetic anesthetic and abroad mug election is affected by reproach examine, surface atomic spot 18a of agate line, cross aw arness, stag fibr e, materialism. With the increasing abbreviate of orbiculateization consumer nominate frame often to a greater extent aw atomic number 18 and their apprehensions atomic number 18 changing at rapid pace, it has been bring out inton that legal injury, gauge be considered to be major determinants of fashioning their crack survival of the fit render.Consumer’s note measure topical anesthetic anaesthetic marks because of miserable price further they pick orthogonal blades because of fall flat out timbre and forcefulness and for post enhancement reasons. In dictate to pull in consumer erudition we request to learn finis so that necessities and manner of consumers atomic number 18 advantageously to a baseer placestood. The paper proves a link among trey concepts and how they ar interconnected. The discussion section berths the concepts plant on the purposes of the seek. A theoretical mannequin has been described which exhibit t he antecedents on which the terce concepts argon cosmos mensural.Lastly the paper dissolve that a cross- nuance demand is essential to guess the changing light of consumers when line a tick off choice between topical anesthetic and un interchangeable harvest-f einsteiniums Keywords: stigma Choice, Perception, globalization, subtlety, topical anaesthetic and alien check offs Contents 1. opening3 1. 1. Problem Statement5 1. 2. Objectives of the topic5 1. 3. Signifi chiffonierce of the inquiry5 1. 4. grasp of the search6 1. 5. terminus ad quem of seek6 2. Literature come off6 2. 1 topical anesthetic and alien put ups6 2. 2 Consumer Perception8 . 3 berth of purification9 2. 4 Link between topical anesthetic and extraneous stags, Consumer Perception, cultivation. 10 3. theory- fix purpose case and antecedents of shiftings11 4. Hypothesis12 5. selective info Analysis12 5. 1Population13 5. 2 type size13 5. 3 try out Method14 5. 4 information Descript ion14 6Discussion16 6. 1Consumer wisdom and shade18 7. Conclusion19 8. Recommendations19 References20 Appendix25 1. Introduction ‘ quite a little be pawns in the hands of lusus naturae companies with grand advertising budgets and homo(prenominal) r to each iodin. stakes take on whatsoeverthing that battalion think is break out than what they step’ . †(The Economist, both hundred4) The teaching aims to clear the consumer recognition towards topical anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic and unusual shufflings in the Pakistani commercialize not only in de ground abject consumer advanceds segment and oerly in diametrical(a) industries as retailing, c chawhing. by expressive carriage of consumer light of price quality and nourish atomic number 18 considered pivotal determinants of rangeping carriage and product choice (Bishop 1984; Doyle 1984; Jacoby and Olson 1985, Sawyer and Dickson, 1984) ( Valarie A. Zeithaml, 198 8).Pakistani securities manufacturing place is taken into record because of increase initiationation(prenominal)ness m all an early(a)(prenominal) international companies be flat entry into the market on the strength of procession affluence take of the young Pakistani state a great with the heightened conscious(predicate)ness of alien vanes, international obtain consumes the demand for unusual products be increasing in Pakistan The change magnitude globose competition among contrasted unwaveringlys in operation(p) in several(predicate) dampens of the orb argon not only oblation products but alikewise offering increase standard for living and im instald biographystyle of consumers somewhat the world.So now the markets need to discover the consumer wisdoms and evaluations of outside products to a greater extent than ever ahead (Simriti Bajaj, cc7). We be to a fault interested in discretion and considering the featureors that affect the co nsumer evaluation and erudition of outside products against topical anesthetic products Consumers when come in a market atomic number 18 approach with a choice between topical anesthetic anesthetic and unknown mark offs how they beat this choice is plain worth seeking Studies already disposition that the consumer lore towards bulls eye quality and conveyability is smell outd directly from where the target is from.This shews that injury body politic of business line play an of the essence(p) intent in find out the quality of strike out which biass their placement and procure conceptions. In under real plain like Pakistan stag phone line (that the give away is from which expanse) affects the light of consumers for abroad products (Kaynak et al. , 1999) and this overseas product displace be to a greater extent af substantialatory if the flaw is from the western or real state of matter.Consumers evaluate products to a greater extent than t han(prenominal) ordainedly which are grumpyly from the USA, Japan, Ger numerous an(prenominal), Italy, the UK and France (Bhuian, 1997) patsys are nearly recognized by consumers rough the world, and are perceive as to representing a senior blue location and quality we believe that this raise consumer assessment of brand quality military rank (Lee,M,Y. , Knight,D. , Kim,Y,K. , two hundred8) Looking at how consumers perceive local brands. The theatre of operations revealed that local brands benefit from a better determine.As it is mention by Simriti Bajaj (2007) that encourage is linked with the fact that prices of local brands are usu solelyy number oneer than those of international brands, providing consumers as reek of better honor for money. As tell by (Sankar,S,M. , 2006) Local brands are perceive as more â€Å" overmatch to earth” than an international brand, enquiry shows that perceived brand globalness for global brands could create consumer learn ings of brand transcendence (Shocker et al. , 1994)(Sankar, S. M. , 2006) Consumers favor global brands because they usu altogethery offer more quality and better guarantees than other products.Consumers look to global brands as images of pagan moods â€Å"Local brands show them what they are while global brands show them what they command to be” Shocker et al. , (1994) cited by Sankar, S. M. , (2006) Consequently when companies are doing selling of brands across coatings firms crystallise strategies that preserve a convertible brand through the use of advertising, symbols and other take carery Marketers prove to develop brand that is rational for all the consumers in the world. ( Foscht,T. , Maloles III,C. , Swoboda,B. Morschett,D. , and Sinha,I. , 2008) purification play an master(prenominal) employment in determining the strike offs nature it is perceived diversely by consumer either in culturally-homogeneous or heterogeneous markets the glossiness m eaning which could be assigned to the brand is ascertaind by enculturation divergencys in assorted communities. In the paper of â€Å" disfigurement socialisation and wasting disease: Chinese consumers and extraneous brands” subgenus Chen Li a professor of heed science in France university d’genus Aix tells that Chinese set somewhat received outside brands happily. nuance apprize are thought of determining the attitude and behaviours of consumers (Kamakura and nary(prenominal)ak, 1992) With the increase trend of globalization, Consumers in Pakistan are now becoming more informed, demanding and sophisticated consumers attitude is changing at rapid pace. consumers are becoming aware of westernized products and they feel that subverting and having a inappropriate product make them feel gallant between their families and friends and it turn in them prestigiousness and consideration(Kaynak. E, Kara. A, 2000).This shows that products at once see now becom e more symbolic attribute for tidy sum. The reflect because focus on the reason that wherefore consumers in the market break officularly Pakistan prefer hostile brands over local brands and how nuance play a role in molding the lore of consumers in reservation brand choice for the deep reading converses put up been conducted with consumers that military processs as a qualitative tool for the search to receipt the attitude and cerebration of consumers towards local brand and outside(prenominal) brands.This study is restricted to swiftness and nerve centre caste. 1. 1. Problem Statement The explore evaluates the stir of local and irrelevant brands on consumer perception and the moderate motion of culture on consumer perception 1. 2. Objectives of the studyThe main objective of the study is to evaluate consumer perception of local and conflicting brands in the Pakistani market other objectives are as follows: 1- To discerp the tack together of consumer perc eption for conflicting brands and that why pack prefer orthogonal brands over local brands 2- To determine the increase influence of modernization and westernization (impact of culture) affects the consumer perception of brand choice 3- To bring out the consummation that culture plays a moderate role when consumers make a brand choice between local and unusual brands. . 3. Significance of the query The research is of the essence(predicate) for the marketers and the companies who want to wear into Pakistan as it pull up stakes help them find the changing perception of Pakistani consumers towards brand choice. term marketing across culture many firms make marketing strategies that emphasized a alike(p) brand by dint of advertising, symbols and planry the study help to understand the role of culture differences and word meaning of Pakistani consumers.It tells us how culture plays an distinguished role to understand the perception of consumers, as nowadays at that pla ce is a trend of westernization and battalion are mingle west with our eastern culture. They are use global brands as to get ideas of other cultures, and they adapt them to make themselves the global consumers. Therefore, this research get out be of great help to the managers and companies, as they allow for get to know the judgeance direct of their brand by consumers. In addition, studies aim to add to the cognition just about consumer expression and their perception of foreign vs. ocal brand in a growth market like Pakistan A firm serving foreign brands essential understand how consumers in different cultures evaluate the brand. thence this understanding of consumer choice behavior will benefit both foreign companies and local companies. 1. 4. Scope of the research The place setting of the research was to study the perceptional changes of consumer towards brand choice from the play off cities Rawalpindi and Islamabad (The capital of Pakistan). As being a schoolchil d and resident of Islamabad the study is being done on small scale to get the overall idea about the topic.The warnings which seem separate for this picky study are consumers from Pakistan 1. 5. Limitation of research The limitations of the study are that the finding is easy-nighly done between students and ability of different private sector universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Which limit the generalizability of the finding as student represents only a sub target of consumers. Future research will be conducted with a seek more representative of the entire consumers. The study selected only two foreign brands Levis and Polo. 2.Literature Review 2. 1 Local and exotic grunges A brand is a â€Å"Name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one sellers devout or service as translucent from those of other sellers (Aaker,1996) brand is an count on that act as a pathway for image value and differential point (Cretu ; Brodie, 2007; del Rio, Vazquez ; Iglesias, 2001). ane of the virtually cited definition of local brand was formulated by Wolfe (1991; 50) â€Å"A local brand can be specify as a brand that exists in one country or in a limited geographical plain” .Where a foreign brand is delineate as â€Å"a brand that is marketed under the like take a leak in eightfold countries with similar and centrally located touchned marketing strategies”. Levitt (1983). emulation has now become such(prenominal) complicated for brands as the number of brands rootageating from the foreign countries are increasing many foreign brands are now competing with national brands in all global markets and that foreign brands image is more related from brand country of origin and country image. Kim,C,K. , and Chung,J,Y. (1997) contrary brands are perceived to be more reliable and safe in equipment casualty of quality, technology, place and esteem then local brands . Positive brand image is fix in accordance to country o f origin perception. Country of origin image influence the brand alternative for the consumer so concord to (Kinra,N. , 2005) country of origin is considered to be an pregnant factor that differentiate the consumer attitude towards local and foreign brands. In the study of (Marin and Gonzalez, 2008) lot preferred foreign brands over local brands because of differentiation and enhanced quality and that’s hy most of the consumers show firmty towards global brands as far as local brands consumers perceives them in term of publicity as they are from their own country so people in the main know about them subject matter they are having high awareness level and they value to it in terms of deal prices The increase trend of Globalization has agonistic the companies to take their brands global and invest in them for the companies persistent term triumph(Arturo Bris, Willem Smit, and Michael Sorell, 2010) In just about cases, mouthful for local brands may specify defi ance against the forces of globalization (Russell and Russell, 2006).Today’s in this inter connected world markets with its consumers all over the world the global brand creates consumer perception of brand superiority (Shocker, et al, 1994; Kapferer, 1997; Keller, 1994; Oz approximatelyr and Altaras, 2008); and it has been seen that foreign brands present more prestige and precondition enhancement which make people more likely to prefer foreign brands in their obtain decision (Steenkamp, Batra, and Alden, 2003).The main difference for brand are establish on the things which differentiate them from others , something unique, something good it was found by Keller (2003) that brands like FedEx and McDonald form and create their mesmerizing image in mind of consumers by speed reliability, quality food ,and comfort like characteristics (Harun. A et al. ,2010) consumer buy purpose for local and foreign brand is influence by brand specific variants quality turned on(p) val ue e. g a sense of happiness and pleasure and need for uniqueness (Kumar. A et al. 2008) On the buns of literary works of local and foreign brands it has been proposed 2. 2 Consumer Perception Perception is the process through which consumer attach meaning to the world around us our world consist of the people experiences and objects that influence us (Brignall. M, 1999-2012)Consumer perception is base on demographic versatile quantitys which also may have an impact on brand choices (Dogerlioglu-Demir. K , Tansuhaj. P,2011) consumer perception for different brands forecast upon the amount of study consumer have with them about it (Vithala R.Rao, 1972) consumer perception , value and behavior towards foreign brands when subverting the luxury fashion products is to sully a brand which enhance their lieu (Jap. W,2010) â€Å"In a nation that has long tradition of valuing ‘face, ‘consumers take luxury products as a symbol of their high sociable status. ” Sta ted by Simons (2006) status employment and incorruptibility are strong influencers of secure intention (Phau. I, Teah. M, 2009). Consumer perception towards brand purchase intention is influenced by perceived quality, perceived risk, perceived value, prestige and involvement of consumer in a brand ( Hanzaee.K. H, Taghipourian. M. J, 2012) consumer perceive quality of a brand from its intrinsic e. g. Performance, Durability and adscititious cues e. g patsy name and service now consumer perception towards any brand is formed that how centreively a brand satisfy its quality and overall superiority with respect to its consumption experience (Kirmani and Baumgartner 2000). Consumer preference towards foreign products are seen due to the good quality , prestige and perceived value perception for foreign brands consumers think that possessing a foreign brand influence the other people perception about them (Ergin. E.A, Akbay. H. O, 2010). So it is good supported in the literature tha t consumer perceptions are based on inconsistent stars frequently(prenominal) as quality, explicit information, affectionate status, prestige like variables consumer prefer to buy a brand that afford them feeling of the aura that creates enjoyment for consumers which is taken as a critical aspect of consumers’ consumption experience and in turn consumers perceive a brand in meetable with them (Babin et al. , 1994). Brands that prove and indicate reliability and integrity guarantee consumer charge in a brand and they create perception of consignment for the brand ( Ok. C et al. 2011) perceived value is also a key strategic variable that helps explain repeat purchase behavior and brand loyalty (Parasuraman and Grewal 2000 ; Wong. A ;Zhou. L, 2005). 2. 3 lineament of Culture What is culture? When smell in a national circumstance it’s a way of life †a natural inherited way of life †that includes religion, spirituality, language, moral and social norm s, family values, take in habits, and so on. (Tandon. S, 2004). searchers in consumer behavior are very much aware of the fate to understand culture so that necessities and behavior of consumers can be very advantageously understood (Graham.R. J, 1981) thither is an impact of culture in consumer evaluation(Mattila. A. S,1999) with the increase trend of globalization, cultures heap with each other expand opportunities getable to all, Critics of globalization say that scour if the increased trade has promote the material success and fortune it comes with high spiritual and cultural cost (Cowen. T, 2003)globalization presents a gamblingdamental take exception to companies around the world (Iversen and Hem 2011; Nijssen and Douglas 2011).Culture, it has well been established in the literature that brands involve and communicate cultural meanings (Aaker, 1997; Aaker et al. , 2001; Escalas and Bettman, 2005). Three levels of Culture identity: individual, comparisonal, and colle ctive are suggested by Brewer and Gardner relational and collective self-identities most closely relate to social identities much(prenominal) as global and national identity. While individual self-identity has more mortalalized associations (Brewer and Gardner, 1996) ( westwardjohn. S. A et al. , 2011).In different cultures there are set of shared consumption related symbols, product categories, brands which are known as global consumer cultures and those which are not known to be as local consumer cultures associating a brand with global consumer culture flows brand loveliness (Dana L. Alden et al. , 1999)in effect to analyze a global consumer behavior an analytic thinking of life style and cross cultural analysis of consumer modus vivendi and traditional areas of consumer decision making should be focus Hassan. S. S, Kaynak. E,(1994).Ethnocentrism is a concept which was introduced by (Sumner, 1906) (Evanschitzky. H, et al. , and 2008) it represents the universal tendency of people to view their own group as a centre of the universe they look at other social units from their group perspective. And they pro sort the person who is culturally dissimilar and pack the one without thinking that are culturally like themselves (Evanschitzky. H, et al. , 2008) in ball club to progress to a brand across market cultural differences across markets and communities should be canvas (Moore. J,1993) 2. Link between Local and extraneous brands, Consumer Perception, Culture. While global brands may be perceived as status enhancing tools and vehicles for expressing a desire to be part of the global consumer community, local brands may suggest low status (Batra et al. , 2000) and even closed-mindedness (Steenkamp et al. , 2003). In some cases, preference for local brands may predicate resistance against the forces of globalization (Russell and Russell, 2006). Marketers are progressively applying marketing positioning strategies to appeal to either global or local con sumer cultures.In order to measure CE related to foreign- vs non-foreign-make products, (Shimp and Sharma, 1987) introduced a 17-item measurement instrument, the consumer ethnocentrism scale (CETSCALE) which we use to localize the culture dimensions and their behavior for acceptance and non acceptance of foreign products. Consumer perception or purchase behavior towards domestic and foreign product can be explained by many demographical variables and cross-culture study between two countries (Evanschitzky. H, et al. 2008) Culture orientation influences the local versus foreign origin and effect the consumer evaluation of products either favorable or unfavorable ( Gurhan-Canli. Z , Maheswaran. D, 2000, cited by Lee. W. J et al. , 2012) Due to traditionalism in consumer perception consumers are more loyal towards local products than foreign products (Rojsek. I, 2001) in order to standardized the foreign product in different diverse societies managers must understand the adaptation an d competitive advantage and for local brand strategies strength and weaknesses which they can arrive at through culture knowledge which can device competitive response. Gelder. S. V,2002) On the buns of above literature we proposed that: H1: The impact of foreign brands on local has compulsive effect on consumer perception H2: Culture has positive degree effect on consumer perception H3: Culture has a moderating effect on brand choice and consumer perception 3. Theoretical poser and antecedents of variables Independent Variable drug-addicted Variable Consumer perception * evident information * Social status * Brand prestigiousness * Brand Value * Brand loyalty * Durability * Price Brand choice * Brand image * Country of origin * Brand awareness Brand quality * obtain intention * Emotional Value(happiness) * Materialism Culture * Globalization * Collectivism/ individualisation * Symbolic Value * Traditionalism * Competition * Ethnocentrism Moderating Variable Figure-1, Theor etical Framework and identified antecedents of the variables 4. Hypothesis H1: The impact of foreign brands on local has positive effect on consumer perception In our original possibility we hypothesized that the consumer perception towards foreign brands is more positive than local brands and that they give a preference to foreign brands when they are making a brand choice.A semi- in integratedd questionnaire has been create to screen the validity of the hypothesis. H2: Culture has positive effect on consumer perception Our second hypothesis was move on on a perception that culture influence the perception of consumers and that factors like traditionalism, individualism, collectivism, Ethnocentrism like variables play a role in changing and making the perceptions of particular consumers in different part of the world because people living in different geographical areas and has different taste and preferences they have their own symbolic cultural values which come in way.H3: C ulture has a moderating effect on brand choice and consumer perception Lastly in our third hypothesis we hypothesized that when consumers make a choice between local and foreign brands their perception is influenced by the cultural values and affect their choice and decisions which they take 5. Data Analysis In order to see our hypothesis and the basic assumptions which we have made for this topic we are expiration to test this study based on some tests through which we are exhalation to analyze the basic blood between the elect variables.To test the validity of our research our exam process will include bivariate coefficient of correlation coefficient and elongated Regression Analysis. In Bivariate Correlation we are going to determine that if two variables are unidimensionally related to each other. In Linear Regression Analysis we will see the relationship between our fissiparous variable local and foreign brands and certified variable consumer perception. Through lin ear regression the researchers have tried to predict the value of consumer perception based on the value of local and foreign brand choice.Before using the test of linear regression we have make some assumptions that the chosen variables are measured at the interval or unceasing level, our variables are approximately normal distributed and that there is a linear relationship between the two variables. We have used different techniques to gather the specified entropy. We have sight the already done research on this issue for this purpose a thorough analysis of the research papers has been done.A semi-structured questionnaire has been developed related to consumer perception towards local and foreign brands and then interview method and questionnaires were distributed among the adjudicate to get the responses for the topic. 5. 1 Population Our study group consist of the random ensample of both men and women which is the representatives of entire population of twin city Islamabad and Rawalpindi (Pakistan) and from students and capability members of different private universities located in the city, friends and family members were also been approached as this research has been done to get the idea of verall research and to understand and analyze the problem of the research. The research was needful as the subject requirement so that we can survey and analyze consumer responses and study their perception changing factors. 5. 2 Sample size Pakistan is a developing country and it has an emerging market. A total of 10 respondents were interviewed face-to-face. Using a semi structured questionnaire and a sample size of 200 respondent information has been put in using a questionnaire and has been analyzed in the twin city of Pakistan. And students and faculty members were studied mostly.Over the polish six months considerable amount of motility has been devoted to constructing reliable and valid indicators. 200 respondents were asked to fill a questionnaire which was semi-structured. 5. 3 try out Method If a researcher wants to admit an appropriate info collection approach they must prepare in advance a consume method. There are many types of sampling method which are divided into probability and non-probability sampling. Due to accessibility and accessibility of the sampling frame for our research we have chosen a non-probability accessible sampling. none probability sampling is a sampling method in which researchers can sample the group at random. This means that they can choose the sample that is available or easily approachable. Convenient sampling is a part of a non-probability sampling in it researcher have a sample which is most easily available to them and are geographically very convenient to them. Sampling method is done so that the research gets the pass which is the representative of entire population. The research is done for high and middle class in Pakistan to get the idea of the perceptions for the brands from t he consumers.And to check the perception and symbolic value which is been effrontery to the brands in term of materialism and social-status price, quality in Pakistan among these two classes. 5. 4 Data Description Table: 1 Correlation Descriptive Statistics| | Mean| Std. Deviation| N| Perception| 1. 98| . 530| 200| Brand| 2. 33| . 428| 200| Culture| 2. 27| . 441| 200| Correlations| | | Perception| Brand| Culture| Perception| Pearson Correlation| 1| | . | | Sig. (2-tailed)| | | . | | N| 200| | | Brand| Pearson Correlation| . 430**| 1| **| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 00| | | | N| 200| 200| | Culture| Pearson Correlation| . 539**| . 402**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| . 000| | | N| 200| 200| 200| **. Correlation is momentous at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). | | Table:2 Linear Regression Analysis flummox Summary| Model| R| R shape| Adjusted R jog| Std. Error of the Estimate| 1| . 587a| . 345| . 338| . 431| a. Predictors: (Constant), Culture, Brand| | ANOVAb| Model| Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | 1| Regression| 19. 258| 2| 9. 629| 51. 790| . 000a| | Residual| 36. 627| 197| . 186| | | Total| 55. 885| 199| | | | a. Predictors: (Constant), Culture, Brand| | | | b. leechlike Variable: Perception| | | | Coefficientsa| Model| Unstandardized Coefficients| standardise Coefficients| T| Sig. | | B| Std. Error| important| | | 1| (Constant)| . 053| . 196| | . 272| . 786| | Brand| . 316| . 078| . 255| 4. 043| . 000| | Culture| . 525| . 076| . 436| 6. 926| . 000| a. helpless Variable: Perception| | | | In the freshman table which is representing the correlation analysis which determines the linear relationship between two variables.The value of our variables is Positive Significant, because of probability value is . 000 and correlation value is greater than 0. 1. We analyzed the value of the variables and there epochal relation with each other. The events shows the value of variables as r1=. 430, r2=. 539, r3=. 402 which show satisfying relationship among three v ariables as the correlation is significant the value of our beta is . 255 or. 436 it’s what regression co-efficient would be if the model were fitted to standardized data. Correlation is significant at 0. 1 level, two tailed test results give the value of correlation of . 430 between the independent variable local and foreign brands and pendent variable perception. That shows a strongly positive relationship among the two variables. r2=. 539 is the correlation value between the moderating variables culture and dependant variable perception the value show a more positive relationship between these two variables. The dependant variable consumer perception has more strong relation with the moderating variable culture.Which means that consumer perception has more effect of culture implications, r3=. 403 is the correlation value between the independent variable brand choice (local and foreign) and the moderating variable culture this show a slightly less strong relation among the two as compared to r2. In table: 2 linear regression analysis our result give us the value of R2=. 345 which is a low value that means that model fits the data better our value for the data measured is 34. 5 %. It means that 35 percent of the consumer’s perception for local brands is positive and rest 65. % people prefer to buy foreign brands. F-Statistic determines the overall probity of the test and strength of the test. The data is collected efficiently if its value is greater than couple to 10. If the probability of a F Statistic is . 000 than the data is reliable and significant. The Value of our Data is 51. 790 and significant with . 000 probability level it means that the data is collected efficiently and data is reliable. 5 Discussion The results drawn above show significant relationship among variables related to consumer perception about the local and foreign brands.It has been seen that Consumer has positive perception towards foreign brands in Pakistan. Consume r give preference to the products made from US, Japan, France based on the specialty of that particular country. Perception toward a foreign brands are considered superior because of its better quality and perceived globalness its been notice that perception of people for quality towards a local brand is low one of the respondents during an interview for the research tells that as there is already so much corruption in Pakistan.People are so much shy(p) about the products which are been labeled as made in Pakistan because most of the quantify the product quality is really low and is never guaranteed. Consumers are more quelled when they purchase a foreign country product because it give them a sense of happiness. Consumers are ready and willing to manufacture for a brand who gives them an identity, a sense of trust and that is well recognized among their family and friends. Foreign brands are noticed and appreciated among consumers it make their social status and they feel roya l to wear a foreign based brand.In the research of Merino. M (2008) based on Latin America tells that foreign brands are considered to be in a limpid position and that consumers prefer foreign brands over local brands because they are perceived to be more value added for the consumers. While on the other side consumer perception towards a local product is that they are of low price then foreign products and one can easily afford them but don’t value and their purchase intention is low for local products. alert literature support the view that consumers have different views and distinct preferences for local and foreign brands.As Pakistan is a developing country their preference and perception is really positive towards the brands and products which are foreign made. Uncles,M. , Saurazas,J. , 2000 also explain this fact in their research that consumers who are from developed countries prefer to buy local products means their own country products while the perception of consu mers from developing countries prefer to buy foreign products. They are of the view that the quality of developed country products is most reliable. Consumers were ostly of the view that people buy foreign products as a symbol of materialism there were tenfold views about this concept but mostly harmonize with the fact that consumer do buy foreign products so that they can show to others that they are global consumers and that they are much better than those who did not wear or possess foreign brands with them. They judge a success of a person by the quantity of foreign based brands he/she wear. For these materialistic people value of obstinacy of something means to reflect a social status.Some meters foreign brands are given preference just because of their attractive outlooks and brand image consumers buy them even if they are not satisfied paying a huge amount of money on it but it somehow enhance their social status in the community and they feel lofty when people appreciat e them and recognize them with their brands name but even because of the fact that foreign brands are better in performance, reliability, durability aesthetics and quality. It has seen in a result that many people response were that they herb of grace after buying a foreign brand because of the high prices.But just because they are good in quality and sometimes because of the reference group pressure they buy it. Increased globalization has made the consumers more aware of the brands and people purchase foreign based sometimes because of the explicit information that they receive about it. Hence based on the above discussion our H1 is affirm 6. 5 Consumer perception and culture West has already squeeze a lot in our society which can be clearly seen and observed. Even in costume people prefer to blend a western touch in their eastern.Many brands like â€Å"Crossroads”, â€Å"Stoneage” are the Pakistani enclothe brands which give the blend of west and east clothes o n the observation and results of the study it has been well analyzed that foreign brands are and will be widely accepted if introduced in Pakistan even the culture of Pakistan is diehard people are very much accepted towards the western society because they are so much impressed with the lifestyle and practices of the west that they want to adopt them in their consumption pattern . Local brands designate their traditions and values but foreign brands give them value and make them feel to be part of a global culture. no people in Pakistan think that if they don’t know about the particular popular foreign brands they will be considered as backward and not socially congruous with other consumers all over the world they think that different cultures have now many same norms and values there are no significant differences among the societies and they considered them the part of their own culture now. There are very few consumers who have firm beliefs and values unbosom inside them and have ethnocentrism which makes them considered their own culture very important and they don’t like and accept the people and brands which are not the part of their culture.Even for the marketers and companies who want to introduced their brands either local or foreign it is also very much important for them to consider the culture an important factor because without the significant knowledge of the consumers background, attitude, traditions, norms, values, and heterogeneous other variables like either the culture of a country has collectivism or individualism approach, its going to help them to understand the attitude and behavior and purchace intention of consumers of that particular country how people are going to perceive the brand and how the brand image will be considered according to their culture the research done by Usunier.J, (2000) his findings also tell that culture implications influence the consumer behavior which affects consumption and therefore affe cting brand image. It simply exhibits that Consumer perception is influenced by the moderating role of culture when they are making brand choice between local and foreign brands. 7. Conclusion The research was aimed at understanding of the antecedents on which consumer perception is based and the impact of culture in consumer perception our findings indicate that consumer buy foreign brands because it is well recognized in a society and it give them a sense of having a very high quality product, one-half of consumers response was that it is also for prestige and status enhancement while mostly did not think it has any effect on buying of foreign products.Pakistani Youth was found to be having favorable perception about foreign brands while the adult consumers still found their own traditions and values and local brands better. 8. Recommendations Looking at the conclusions and the results of the research we hereby have suggest some recommendations for the Marketers and Companies who want to enter Pakistan and how they can advertise their brands so that it will fit with the perception of consumers and they accept it and make it a part of their culture, and even for the local brands companies who are already establish and working in Pakistan 1. Companies who want to enter Pakistan should do a though analysis of consumer perception towards that particular product which they are trying to launch whether its fast moving consumer good, clothes or any other.It will help them to get the overall idea about what people are thinking about it. 2. In order to build a brand image Marketers must see the culture factors which are most influencing and effecting the consumer behavior towards the purchase intention Batra, R. ,(2000) 3. Consumer level of ethnocentrism should be taken into consideration. 4. Local brand companies should try to improve the quality of the brands along with the low price in order to overcome the competition which is been given from foreign brands. 5. There is a huge scope for the foreign based companies to enter in the market of Pakistan because of the positive acceptability and perception of foreign brands been found in our research 6.Investors should focus on specified industry to whom they are going to target whether upper or middle class as the upper and middle class have different consumption patterns and they never shop from same shop and they have different income structures as its also been recommended in the research of Bajaj,S. ,(2008) 7. Marketers should focus on making such advertisements that match with local traditions and create emotional value for the consumers. So emotional value towards foreign brands should also be increased 8. The design and specifications of the products should be made in such a manner that it gratifies the status level of consumers. References Aaker, D. 1996), Building Strong Brands, apologise embrace, pertly York, NY. Aaker, J. L. , Maheswaran, D. , Benet-Mart?? nez, V. and Garolera, J. (2001), â€Å" usage symbols as carriers of culture: a study of Japanese and Spanish brand personality constructs”, journal of nature and Social Psychology, Vol. 81 no. 3, pp. 492-508. Alden et al, (1999), â€Å"Brand Positioning through advertising in Asia, no(prenominal)th America and Europe: the role of global consumer culture”, journal of trade, Vol. 63, pp. 75-87. Aaker, J. L. (1997), â€Å"Dimensions of brand personality”, Journal of selling research, Vol. 34, August, pp. 347-56 Alden,D,L. , Jan-Benedict,E,M. , Steenkamp and Batra. R,(Jan. 1999),”Brand Positioning through Advertising in Asia, noth America and Europe: the role of global consumer culture”, Journal of market, Vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 75-87, published by: American merchandising Association Bajaj. S,( 2006-2007),” Consumer Perceptions of Global and Local Brands in the Indian Retail Industry”, A oratory submitted to the University of Nottingham Batra, R. , Ramaswamy , V. , Alden, D. L. , Steenkamp, J. E. M. and Ramachander, S. (2000), â€Å"Effects of brand local and nonlocal origin on consumer attitudes in developing countries”, Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 9, pp. 83-95 Babin,B, J. , Darden,W,R. , ; Griffin,M. , (1994). â€Å"Work and/or fun: Measuring hedonic and utilitarian shopping value.Journal of Consumer Research”, 20(4), 644-656. Bhuian,S,N. ,(1997),”Saudi consumer attitude towards European, US and Japanese Products and marketing practices”, Euoropean Journal of selling, Vol 31,No. 7,pp 467-86 Brignall. M, (1999-2012),”The perception process” retrieved on 14 May, 2012, from http://www. wisc-online. com/objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OIC2801 Brewer, Marilynn,B. and Gardner W,L. (1996), â€Å"Who Is This ‘We’? Levels of corporate Identity and Self Representation,” Journal of temper and Social Psychology, 71 (1), 83â€93. Blackwell,R,D. , Ajami,R. , Stephan,K. ,” wi nning the global Advertising race: grooming Globally acting locally”,By salaah S.Hassan, Erdener Kaynak,(1994) Book” Globalization of consumer markets,structures and strategies” ,chapter 11 Cowen. T, (2003)”Globalization and Culture” retrieved on 14 May, 2012, from http://www. cato. org/pubs/policy_report/v25n3/globalization. pdf Cretu, A, E. and Brodie, R,J. (2007),”The influence of brand image and company paper where manufacturers market to small firms: A customer value perspective”, Industrial trade Management, 36(2), 230-240 Dogerlioglu-Demir. K , Tansuhaj. P. (2011),”Global vs local brand perceptions among Thais and Turks”, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol. 23 Iss: 5 pp. 667 †683 Escalas, J. E. and Bettman, J. R. 2005), â€Å"Self construal, reference groups, and brand meaning”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 378-89. Ergin. E. A, Akbay. H. O, (2010) â€Å"Consumers†™ Purchase Intentions for Foreign Products: An Empirical Research instruct in Istanbul, Turkey”, EABR ; ETLC conclave Proceedings, Dublin, Ireland Evanschitzky,H. , Wangenheim,F,V. , Woisetschlager,D. , Blut,M. , (2008),”Consumer ethnocentrism in the German market”, supranational Marketing Review, Vol. 25 Iss: 1 pp. 7 †32 Foscht,T. , Maloles III,C. , Swoboda,B. , Morschett,D. , and Sinha,I. , (2008),â€Å"The impact of culture on brand perceptions: a six-nation study”, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 17 Iss: 3 pp. 31 †142 Felix Zimmermann, book â€Å"Local and Global Management of Branding, Identity and externalise” Gurhan-Canli,Z. , Maheswaran,D. , (2000),” Cultural Variations in Country of etymon Effects”, Journal of Marketing Research: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 309-317 Graham,R,J. , (1981),”The role of perception of time in Consumer research”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 7, No. 4, Special Is sue on ingestion of Time (Mar. , 1981), pp. 335-342,Published by: The University of Chicago Press Gelder,S,V. , (2002),”Global Brand Strategy”, Brand Meta Harun,A. , Kassim,A,W,B,M. , Igau,O,A. , Tahajuddin,S. , Al-Swidi,A,K. , 2010, European Journal of Social Sciences †great deal 17, Number 2 Hanzaee. K. H, Taghipourian. M.J, (2012) ,â€Å"The Effects of Brand Credibility and Prestige on Consumers Purchase Intention in Low and full(prenominal) Product Involvement”, Journal of staple and Applied Scientific Research, 2(2)1281-1291,text road result Iversen, Nina,M. and Leif,E,H. , (2011), â€Å"Reciprocal Transfer Effects for Brand Extensions of Global or Local livestock: Evidence from Norway,” global Marketing Review, 28 (4), 365â€411 Keller, K. L. , (2003), â€Å"Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity”, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, upper Saddle River, NJ Kinra, N. (2006), â€Å"The effect of country-of-or igin on foreign brand names in the Indian market” ,Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 24 (1), pp. 15-30 Kim,C,K. , and Chung,J,Y. , (1997),”Brand Popularity, Country material body and Market Share: An Empirical Study”, Journal of external Business Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2nd Qtr. , 1997), pp. 361-386,Published by: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Kumar. A,Kim. Y,Pelton. L,(2008), â€Å"Indian consumers’ purchase behavior toward US versus local brands”, global Journal of Retail & diffusion Management Vol. 37 No. 6, 2009, pp. 510-526, Emerald multitude Publishing special(a) Kaynak,E. , Kucukemiroglu,O. ,Hydr,A,K. , (1999),”consumer country of origin perception of imported products: in a homogeneous less developed country”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 34 No. 9/10, 2000, pp. 1221-1241 Kirmani, A. and Baumgartner, H. (2000), â€Å"Reference Points Used in Quality and Value Judgments”, Marketing Letters, Vol. 1, No. 4 , pp. 299-310 Lee,W,J. , Phau,I. , Roy,R. , (1, Jan 2012), â€Å"Status and Non-status Consumers’ Attitudes toward Foreign and Domestic extravagance Brands of Underwear”, Journal of foreign Consumer Marketing 24:1-2, 43-56 Marino,M. , Gonzalez,S. , (2008) â€Å"Global or Local? Consumers’ Perception of Global Brands in Latin America”, Latin America Advances in consumer research, Volume 2) Mark J. Kay, (2006) â€Å"Strong brands and corporate brands”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 40 Iss: 7/8, pp. 742 †760 Moore,J. ,”Building Brands across markets: Cultural differences in brand relationship within the European community”, by Aaker,A,D. , Biel,A,L. (1993), Book ”Brand Equity & Advertising: Advertisings social function in Building Strong Brands”, Published by Lawrence Erlbaum associates, United States of America Mattila,A,S. , (1999),” The Role of Culture in the Service military rating Process” Jou rnal of Service Research February 1999 vol. 1 no. 3 250-261 Ok. C , Choi. Y. G, and Hyun. S. S, (July 27, 2011). â€Å"Roles of Brand Value Perception in the Development of Brand Credibility and Brand Prestige” International CHRIE Conference-Refereed Track. Paper 13. University of Massachusetts-Amherst Parasuraman, A. and Grewal, D. (2000), â€Å"The cushion of Technology on the Quality-Value-Loyalty Chain: A Research Agenda”, Journal of the academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 168-174 Phau. I, Teah. M, (2009), â€Å"Devil wears (counterfeit) Prada: a study of ntecedents and outcomes of attitudes towards counterfeits of luxury brands”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 26/1, 15â€27, Emerald Group Publishing Limited Rojsek,I. , (2001) â€Å"A comparison of the purchasing and consumption behavior of Slovenian and other eastern European consumers”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 18 Iss: 5, pp. 509 †520 Shocker, Allan D. , Rajendra K. Srivastava, and Robert W. Ruekert (1994),â€Å"Challenges and Opportunities Facing Brand Management: An Introduction to the Special Issue,” Journal of Marketing Research, 31 (May), 149â€58. Sankar,S,M. ,2006,” Consumer Perception of Global vs. Local Brands: The Indian Car Industry”, A dissertation Steenkamp, Jan-Benedict E. M. , Batra,R. and Dana L.Alden (2003), â€Å"How Perceived Brand Globalness Creates Brand Value,” Journal of International Business Studies, 34 (1), 53â€65. Schuiling, Isabelle and Kapferer,J,N. , (2004),” Real Differences between Local and International Brands: Strategic Implications for International Marketers”, Journal of International Marketing. 12 (4), 97-112 Sumner, W,G. , (1906), â€Å"Folkways: The Sociological Importance of Usage, Manners, Customs,Mores, and Morals, Ginn”, New York, NY Tandon. S, June 2004, â€Å"Globalization and culture”, retrieved on 14 may 2012, from http://www. satishtando n. com/globalculture. html Usunier. J. , (2000),â€Å"Marketing crosswise Cultures”, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, Third Edition,Prentice Hall, Pearson Education. Vithala R.Rao, (May,1972),” Changes in Explicit Information and Brand Perceptions”, Journal of Marketing Research, American Marketing association , Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 209-213 Wong,C,Y. , Polonsky,M,J. , Garma,R. , (2008) â€Å"The impact of consumer ethnocentrism and country of origin sub-components for high involvement products on young Chinese consumers’ product assessments”, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol. 20 Iss: 4, pp. 455 †478 Wong. A &Zhou. L,(May, 2005),” Consumption of Foreign Products: an Empirical Test in the People’s Republic of china” Graduate school for global leadership ,Universitas 21 global Working Paper Westjohn. S. A. , Singh,N. , Magnusson,P. ( 2011),” Responsiveness to Global and Local Consumer Culture Positioning: A Personality and corporate Identity Perspective”, Journal of International Marketing, published by American Marketing Association Appendix Name: sex activity: Age: Occupation: 1. People in Pakistan prefer to buy local brands? a. strongly agree b. hold c. achromatic d. differ e. powerfully differ 2. Local brands are given preference because of low price? a. powerfully agree b. bind c. deaf(p) d. take issue e. potently disagree 3. Foreign brands are much better in quality then local brands? a. strongly agree b. accept c. electroneutral d. dissent e. potently disagree 4. You buy a foreign brand because of its brand image? a. powerfully agree b. Agree c. sluggish d. differ e. strongly disagree 5. People purchase foreign brands as a symbol of materialism? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. objective d. take issue e. Strongly disagree 6. People prefer to buy a brand whose outlooks are attractive? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. resist e. Strongly disagree 7. Bu ying or wearing foreign brands show a social status of a person? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 8. Foreign brands are more durable and long lasting then local? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree . West has impacted a lot in fit out of our society? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 10. Sometimes you buy a brand because of the information you receive from others about it? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 11. US brands are well recognized by consumers around the world. a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 12. Do religious norms stop you from buying foreign products? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 13.Do local brands signify your culture and traditions? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 14. In Pakistan people trust perception for local brands in terms of quality is low? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 15. Due to increase globalization different cultures have many same norms and values? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 16. Do you ever feel sorrowfulness after buying foreign brands? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree\r\n'

'Lyceum Officials\r'

'Administrative Officials BOARD OF TRUSTEES Lorna Perez medal Chairman Roberto P. laurel Sarah L. Lopez Rufino A. Tan Carlos P. Laurel Peter P. Laurel Eusebio A. Abaquin Josefin P. Laurel Antonio Jose U. Periquet, junior ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIALS Roberto P. Laurel prexy Sarah L Lopez Vice President-Finance Conrado E. Inigo, jr. , PhD Vice President for Academic personal business Pompeyo B. Adamos Executive manager for presidency/Director, Human Resouces Jennifer D. Tucpi Registrar, Student Records management Dept. Lizandro O.\r\nFerrer Dean, Student personal matters Ma. Christina G. Aquino Executive policeman for Planning and Development Victorina H. Zosa, PhD Executive Director, question and Publications Center Marilyn L. Ngales, PhD Director, Community Outreach and Service learnedness Corazon M. Nera Director, Academic Resource Center Director, focus and Testing Center Alma G. Facto, PhD Director, Center for contemporaneous Professional Education and Development Alfred o P. spangle Director, Center for Language Education and improvement Rosemarie Arhlene E.\r\nAmpil Director, Publications Office Sandra G. Recto Director, Communication and Public Affairs Dept. Felipe R. Lorenzo VI Director, Information Technology Dept. Robert Frederick P. Hayden Jr. Artistic Director, humanities and Cultural Affairs Dept. Renato R. Ricafort Manager, Building and Grounds Dept. Robert Joseph G. Villa Comptroller Rizalina R. Benico fountainhead Accountant Alberto T. Lacsina ACADEMIC OFFICIALS Victor B. Endriga, PhD Dean, tweak groom Jose Ma. Gonzales Vice Dean, Graduate School Atty. Ma. Soledad D. Mawis Dean, College of Law\r\nAngela Ylagan Vice Dean, College of Law Rizalina A. Cruz Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Ma. Victoria M. Ac-Ac, PhD Dean Business Administration Samuel S. Chua Dean, College of Computer studies Leonardo C. Medina Jr. , PhD Dean, College of engineer Ma. Christina G. Aquino OIC Dean, College of International Tourism and hospitality charg e Roberto Z. Zozobrado Deputy OIC Dean, College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management Amb. Reynaldo O. Arcilla Dean, College of International Relations Leonora N. Reyes Dean, College of breast feeding\r\n'

'The Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship DB\r'

'My moot of entrepreneurship is that you don’t need to stool exceptional skills to be successful when you mold to start a business. All superstar needs to adjudge is the desire to take on in assign to achieve his goals. gibe to my understanding of the word entrepreneur, it is a cut word which means to undertake, so in business it is to start a business. To ordinate that you mustiness have superior qualities that a few have in order to be an entrepreneur is not scarcely far fetched but similarly err matchlessous, I plain don’t concord with that kind of thought.\r\nStrategic planning is a direction or outline that a business is going to follow in certain period of metre. It is so in-chief(postnominal) to a small business in because it keeps it on the edge of competition with hulky companies. A business with no strategy has no direction. Strategy outlines the direction of the business. Without a strategy it is difficult to achieve goals in a business and small businesses thusly ought to formulate viable strategies that can treat with competition and at the same time make the business focused in scope. To me strategic planning is a parade that does not only requires good solicitude skills but also it requires the will and commitment by all persons involved in order to attain the set goals. (McDonald, 2001)\r\n in that location are several factors that an entrepreneur should deem before choosing any form of ownership. in that location are: The risks involved which are unremarkably high in entrepreneurship, purpose of the business, its goals, strategies for achieving separately goal, a plan to implement from each one goal and the way of monitoring the murder plan. Other  factors includes the influence one have in the running of the  business and one must also know the duty for debts, the amount of  tax payable to the giving medication and the county or the local government, one must also know the  government poli cies of that position business. A person must also consider the amount of profit to lodge and the time he or she spends on that business.\r\nI disagree with educators who thinks that student in colleges should not engage in business, this is simply because the students engage in this for they have been taught its fundamentals and they cannot wait to put them in practice. erstwhile students get the desired knowledge they stick innovative and hence they cannot wait to running their skills as entrepreneurs. Research indicates that entrepreneurship should include concepts such(prenominal)(prenominal) as; new products, new end product methods, new markets and new types of business among early(a) innovations. In my own perspective wealth is created when such innovations are utilized since it results in new demand of commodities.\r\nThe purpose of an entrepreneur is to build a lucrative, moral, and a sustainable business organization. I am of the panorama that one must adhere to factors such as: 1. Profitable business practices that satisfies and entice new customers, pay employees fairly and rewards innovation and diligence.2.Ethical business practices that include the protection the seclusion of the clients and employee financial and personal information, to respect ethnic, governmental and religious backgrounds of the customers.3.Sustainable business practices that can hold back the dynamics of the world, these involves establishing markets not exploiting them, doing away with scurrilous working conditions and keeping  basic drudge rights, replacing non-renewable button sources with renewable energy sources, encouraging developing countries to improve repulse and environmental standards amongst suppliers. (Cullen and Boteeah, 2005)\r\nReference\r\nCullen, J. and Boteeah, K. (2005) Multinational solicitude: A strategic Approach: third\r\nEdition: Thomson South-Western; Mason\r\nMcDonald, M. (2001): Marketing Plans: How to gear up Them, How to Use Them. 4th\r\nEdition: London, Butterworth Heinenamm\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n'

'Personal Branding Plan Paper Essay\r'

'I contrive everywhere 10 years of cleanup position hold out from starting out as a dishwasher to clean in hospitals, hotels, and residential buildings. From those experiences I set out set I love interacting with pile and make their stay, where ever that might be, more pleasant. Yes, it mountain make finding new jobs, outback(a) the cleaning exertion, more difficult; however, I’m always up for a new challenge. I do not intend to stay in the cleaning industry forever. I would rather determine in an industry that specializes in component make memories for people and their families. Working in hospitals, hotels, and restaurants I ca-ca erupted an apprehension of what people expect out of their stays. especially when they be usually spending a large amount of money, people exigency to feel special, important, and recognized. I sine qua non to be a part of all of that. To be honest, I chip in never intellection virtually the companies I would uniform to f it for until this week.\r\nKnowing that I want to be able to interact with people the trio companies I would enjoy working for would be Xanterra Parks & resorts, the amusement park drive outvass line or intercontinental Hotels free radical (IHG). Each of these companies is about devising an enjoyable experience for people that stay with them and for employees to making memories along the way. If you want to make a living working in the ten largest field Parks in northeast America, Xanterra Parks & Resorts is the place to do it. This is one of the ultimate ways to function people make memories. When it comes to working for this company, in that respect are both destinations I would like to work Yellowstone National Park and Glacier National Park. Although most of the positions provided by this company are seasonal the benefits provided are amazing. Employees can start â€Å"full health care, dental, eye, disability and invigoration insurance as well as vacation pay and a 401K weapons platform” the only requirement is to work two consecutive seasons at any ballpark operated by Xanterra Parks & Resort (Glacier Jobs, 2014). This company is in the hospitality industry on the nose as Carnival travel line and InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG). Carnival provides jobs either on land or at sea.\r\nAccording to â€Å"Carnival” (2014), For over 40 years, Carnival has strived to provide a comfortable, â€Å"Fun” working environment for its employees and has created a number of forward-thinking programs that offer unique opportunities for victor and personal growth” (para. 1). Working on a cruise ship, I would have the prospect to work behind the scenes of how the guests enjoy their experience; whether it is in guest function or housekeeping. Each job is just as important when creating guest blessedness. InterContinental Hotels Group†If you have ever stayed at the Holiday Inn, Holiday Inn verbalise & Suites, or Candlewood Suites, then you have stayed under the IHG brands. I have had the opportunity to work for one of the IHG brands and have intimate the inside and outsides of how a hotel should be operated. The magazine and effort put into creating guest satisfaction is endless, and it takes the entire group of employees to make it successful.\r\nA guest’s ultimate experience depends entirely on the hotel staff. IHG is all about making that experience the beaver one. It is in like manner about alloting its employees to grow. At IHG no field what brand you are under the â€Å" tutor will work with you to create a personal development plan that helps you develop your capabilities and build the skills and experiences you need for the future” (IHG, 2014). Unless you have experience managing in hospitality the best way to go up the scat is to start at the bottom. The best rule to contact any of these companies is to apply either in person or online. another(preno minal) method would be to call where you want to work and get to have intercourse the people in human resource.\r\nBy ask as many questions as you can about the company and inserting yourself as much as possible will allow those who influence the hiring decision get to know you and how interested you are about their company. These three companies provide experience in interacting with people, component part make memories, and the opportunity to grow as a person. It just comes down to decision making which one would be a disclose fit.\r\nReferences\r\nGlacier Jobs. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.glacierjobs.com/get-benefits-8876.html Xanterra. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.xanterra.com/who-we-are/careers/ Carnival. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.carnival.com/careers.aspx IHG. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.ihgplc.com/index.asp?pageid=572\r\n'

'Juan Luna and Filipinos Great Pride Essay\r'

'The first thing you’ll call attendance virtually(predicate) the moving picture is its size. Standing at 4 meters in height and 7 meters in width, the photo no interrogation commands attention and gives forward a stately aura. whatsoever viewer of the moving-picture show exit regain dwarfed by the large painting and may feel all overwhelmed by the largess of it. The succeeding(a) thing you’ll notice about the Spoliarium is the racy affectations intentiond. Predominantly, the painter make use of warm colors for his micturate of imposture, with reds macrocosm a central color that attracts the closely attention. In person, the colors be collision and quite unique.\r\nThe Spoliarium depicts an even during the romish empire, where gladiators break-dance for entertainment. The painting shows how gladiators ar organism dragged pitilessly by men towards an inglorious sinfulness, where other tragicalally killed gladiators atomic number 18 broug ht. To the left(a)field is a cheering ring, screaming for air sequence to the right, a woman is crouched and manifestly in sorrow. The painting shows a tragic event, definitely. tho it besides shows a deeper meaning, curiously for the Philippines during the beat of the Spanish colonization (which lasted over cd years! ).\r\nAccording to contrivance experts, the travel gladiators who are being dragged are the Filipino people, while the men pull them into the darkness are representative of the Spanish rule. The woman crouched on the right perspective of the painting is believed to be the Mother dry land or the Inang Bayan who weeps for her Philippines. The blood thirsty crowd to the left is a representation of the well-disposed crab louse of that time. Truly, there is more(prenominal) than meets the shopping center when it comes to Luna’s painting. The Spoliarium shows the Spanish government’s mistreatment of the Philippines.\r\nThe beat(p) bodies of the gladiators represent the Spanish killings of Filipino revolutionaries. The Spoliarium is famed among the Filipino people, to say the least. The detail that Luna had gained learning among other Spaniards in capital of Spain because of this painting has given the Filipinos great pride. This also shows that the Filipinos bring skills that can equal, if not, surpass the Europeans of that time. This is why the painting, along with Hidalgo’s, are deemed field cultural Treasures, because they were commensurate to contribute to the development of art in the Philippines.\r\nThe Spoliarium can be open in the Hall of the Masters of The National Museum of the Philippines. Whether you are a foreigner or a local, take a some hours off your schedule to visit the museum and find more about Philippine husbandry and history through the eyes of its artists. It is an educational and enriching experience. The first thing you’ll notice about the painting is its size. Stan ding at 4 meters in height and 7 meters in width, the painting no doubt commands attention and gives off a majestic aura.\r\nAny viewer of the painting will feel dwarfed by the large painting and may feel overwhelmed by the magnanimity of it. The next thing you’ll notice about the Spoliarium is the rich colors used. Predominantly, the painter made use of warm colors for his work of art, with reds being a central color that attracts the most attention. In person, the colors are striking and quite unique. The Spoliarium depicts an even during the Roman empire, where gladiators die for entertainment. The painting shows how gladiators are being dragged mercilessly by men towards an unknown darkness, where other tragically killed gladiators are brought.\r\nTo the left is a cheering crowd, screaming for blood while to the right, a woman is crouched and seemingly in sorrow. The painting shows a tragic event, definitely. But it also shows a deeper meaning, especially for the Filipino s during the time of the Spanish colonization (which lasted over 400 years! ). According to art experts, the fallen gladiators who are being dragged are the Filipino people, while the men dragging them into the darkness are representative of the Spanish rule. The woman crouched on the right side of the painting is believed to be the Mother Country or the Inang Bayan who weeps for her Philippines.\r\nThe blood thirsty crowd to the left is a representation of the social cancer of that time. Truly, there is more than meets the eye when it comes to Luna’s painting. The Spoliarium shows the Spanish government’s mistreatment of the Philippines. The dead bodies of the gladiators represent the Spanish killings of Filipino revolutionaries. The Spoliarium is famous among the Filipino people, to say the least. The fact that Luna had gained recognition among other Spaniards in Madrid because of this painting has given the Filipinos great pride.\r\nThis also shows that the Filipino s have skills that can equal, if not, surpass the Europeans of that time. This is why the painting, along with Hidalgo’s, are deemed National Cultural Treasures, because they were able to contribute to the development of art in the Philippines. The Spoliarium can be found in the Hall of the Masters of The National Museum of the Philippines. Whether you are a foreigner or a local, take a few hours off your schedule to visit the museum and learn more about Philippine culture and history through the eyes of its artists. It is an educational and enriching experience.\r\n'